Local Field Potential Oscillations in Primate Cerebellar Cortex: Synchronization With Cerebral Cortex During Active and Passive Expectancy

Courtemanche, Richard; Lamarre, Y.

doi:10.1152/jn.00080.2004

Cited by 122 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Indeed, artificially imposing synchrony onto a population of Purkinje cells with electrical stimulation in vivo elicited phase-locked spiking in nuclear neurons. In support of this idea, nuclear spiking shows phase locking to local field potentials and cortical oscillations during movement (Holdefer et al, 2000;Courtemanche et al, 2002;Courtemanche and Lamarre, 2005), illustrating precise spike timing in a nonmanipulated environment.…”

Section: Synchrony Of Purkinje Cells Can Elicit Time-locked Spiking Imentioning

confidence: 94%

The Neuronal Code(s) of the Cerebellum

et al. 2013

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Understanding how neurons encode information in sequences of action potentials is of fundamental importance to neuroscience. The cerebellum is widely recognized for its involvement in the coordination of movements, which requires muscle activation patterns to be controlled with millisecond precision. Understanding how cerebellar neurons accomplish such high temporal precision is critical to understanding cerebellar function. Inhibitory Purkinje cells, the only output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, and their postsynaptic target neurons in the cerebellar nuclei, fire action potentials at high, sustained frequencies, suggesting spike rate modulation as a possible code. Yet, millisecond precise spatiotemporal spike activity patterns in Purkinje cells and inferior olivary neurons have also been observed. These results and ongoing studies suggest that the neuronal code used by cerebellar neurons may span a wide time scale from millisecond precision to slow rate modulations, likely depending on the behavioral context. IntroductionThe cerebellum has long been regarded as a purely sensorimotorrelated structure, crucial for the precise temporal coordination of body, limb, and eye movements and the learning and fine-tuning of motor skills. Electrophysiological investigations of the cerebellar cortical principal neurons, the Purkinje cells, and their postsynaptic targets, the neurons in the cerebellar nuclei (CN) and vestibular nuclei, revealed strong representations of a wide variety of sensory and motor events (Ito, 1984; Strata, 1989) in the presence of high sustained spike rates (Thach, 1972).Extracellular single-unit recordings, particularly those conducted in awake and behaving nonhuman primates, have established that Purkinje cell simple spike rates represent a variety of variables related to the control of eye, head, and limb movements. Encoded variables include the direction of limb movements (e.g., Harvey et al., 1977; Thach, 1978; Fortier et al., 1989; Smith et al., 1993) and limb movement velocity or speed (Coltz et al., 1999; Roitman et al., 2005). Studies of arm movement dynamics provided evidence that Purkinje cell simple spike activity represents both forward prediction and feedback error-related signals, consistent with an involvement of the cerebellum in the prediction of expected sensorimotor states and the detection and correction of motor errors ; for a recent review, see Ebner et

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Section: Synchrony Of Purkinje Cells Can Elicit Time-locked Spiking Imentioning

confidence: 94%

The Neuronal Code(s) of the Cerebellum

et al. 2013

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“…Interestingly, in this case the power of oscillations was also enhanced and in exactly the same frequency range (visible vs invisible: F (1,14) ϭ 8.006; p ϭ 0.015). Because of their short latency, these effects might reflect anticipatory processes that occur only when the subjects have seen the sample word (Courtemanche and Lamarre, 2005). This anticipation was possible because the interval between sample-and test-word presentation was fixed.…”

Section: Electrophysiological Signatures Of Further Processing Of Vismentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception

Melloni¹,

Molina²,

Peña³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

639

434

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Subliminal stimuli can be deeply processed and activate similar brain areas as consciously perceived stimuli. This raises the question which signatures of neural activity critically differentiate conscious from unconscious processing. Transient synchronization of neural activity has been proposed as a neural correlate of conscious perception. Here we test this proposal by comparing the electrophysiological responses related to the processing of visible and invisible words in a delayed matching to sample task. Both perceived and nonperceived words caused a similar increase of local (gamma) oscillations in the EEG, but only perceived words induced a transient long-distance synchronization of gamma oscillations across widely separated regions of the brain. After this transient period of temporal coordination, the electrographic signatures of conscious and unconscious processes continue to diverge. Only words reported as perceived induced (1) enhanced theta oscillations over frontal regions during the maintenance interval, (2) an increase of the P300 component of the eventrelated potential, and (3) an increase in power and phase synchrony of gamma oscillations before the anticipated presentation of the test word. We propose that the critical process mediating the access to conscious perception is the early transient global increase of phase synchrony of oscillatory activity in the gamma frequency range.

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“…Experimental observations have reported modulation of cortical oscillations as phases of high synchronization (waxing) followed by periods of reduced synchronization (waning) [1][2][3]. Although the phenomenon is present in almost all frequency bands, it is still not understood how this is driven.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%