Despite extensive molecular characterization, we lack a comprehensive picture of lineage identity, differentiation, and microenvironmental composition in high-grade gliomas (HGGs). We sampled the cellular milieu of HGGs with massively-parallel single-cell RNA-Seq. While HGG cells can resemble glia or even immature neurons and form branched lineage structures, mesenchymal transformation results in unstructured populations. Glioma cells in a subset of mesenchymal tumors lose their neural lineage identity, express inflammatory genes, and co-exist with marked myeloid infiltration, implying a molecular interaction between glioma and immune cells. Finally, we found that myeloid cells are highly diverse in HGG with high expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglial markers on one extreme to a macrophage-like phenotype on the other. However, enrichment of either gene signature is predictive of poor survival.
Statement of SignificanceWe used large-scale single-cell RNA-Seq to establish the extent of neural and non-neural lineage diversity in high-grade gliomas, discovery a tight coupling between proliferation and cell type, and identify disparate myeloid phenotypes that are predictive of poor survival.