Conservation focuses on environmental objectives, but neglecting social concerns can lead to a feeling of injustice among some actors and thus jeopardise conservation aims. Through a case study on a biodiversity conflict around jaguar management in the Calakmul region of Mexico, we explored actors' feelings of injustice and their associated determinants. We employed a novel framework distinguishing four dimensions of justice: recognition, ecological, distributive and procedural. By conducting and analysing 235 interviews with farmers and ranchers, we investigated what might drive their feeling of injustice, namely their perceptions of the injustice itself (i.e. location, intentionality, stability), individual characteristics (i.e. socioeconomic status, motivation, environmental identity), and interactions with their environment (i.e. natural and social). We also asked the participants to choose one statement for each of the 10 pairs of statements that we presented to them, from 18 statements that characterized their feeling of justice toward jaguar management based on different criteria. Using a pioneering statistical analysis, BTLLasso, we showed the complexity of the drivers of feeling of justice. Self-interest assumptions were not upheld; feelings of fairness were only weakly influenced by experience of jaguar attacks. Feelings of justice were influenced mainly by factors related to actors' intra-and inter-group relationships (e.g. perception of collective responsibility, coherence perceived in the group to which they identified). Our analyses also allowed us to compare the effects of different factors on the assessment of criteria by diverse actors. For example, it revealed that differences in the organisations and groups perceived as being responsible for jaguar management modify a participant's perception of fairness. This nuanced understanding of how people build their 2 perception of justice can inform practitioners who seek fairer and more effective conservation approaches. Whilst details will be context specific, it emerged that supporting relationship building and enabling debate over ecological responsibilities are important and conservation efforts should go beyond merely offering financial compensation for livestock depredation. We conclude that perception of justice is a neglected but important aspect to include in integrative approaches to managing biodiversity conflicts, and that novel mixed methods can advance both conceptual and applied understanding in this area.