Local inflammation, lethality and cytokine release in mice injected with Bothrops atrox venom

Abstract

We have provided evidence that: (a) lethality of mice to crude Bothrops venom varies according the isogenic strain (A/J > C57Bl/6 > A/Sn > BALB/c > C3H/HePas > DBA/2 > C3H/He); (b)BALB/c mice (LD50=100.0 microg) were injected i.p. with 50 microg of venom produced IL-6, IL-10, INF-gamma, TNF-alpha and NO in the serum. In vitro the cells from the mice injected and challenged with the venom only released IL-10 while peritoneal macrophages released IL-10, INF-gamma and less amounts of IL-6; (c) establishment of local inflammation and necrosis induced by the venom, coincides with the peaks of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and NO and the damage was neutralized when the venom was incubated with a monoclonal antibody against a 60 kDa haemorrhagic factor. These results suggest that susceptibility to Bothrops atrox venom is genetically dependent but MHC independent; that IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and NO can be involved in the mediation of tissue damage; and that the major venom component inducers of the lesions are haemorrhagins.

Inhibition of the inflammatory and coagulant action of Bothrops atrox venom by the plant species Marsypianthes chamaedrys

“…Clinical studies have described both increased serum IL-6 and increased IL-8 (now CXCL-8) levels in victims of Bothrops snakebites (Barraviera et al, 1995), with a TNF-␣ peak after 12 h (Ávila-Agüero et al, 2001). Bothrops atrox venom is also able to induce production of proinflammatory (IL-6 and IFN-␥) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines, as well as nitric oxide (Barros et al, 1998). Escocard et al (2006) described the role of neutrophils infiltrated into tissue injected with Bothrops atrox venom in the production of certain cytokines and detected mRNA expression of IL-1␤, IL-6 and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).…”

Immunomodulation of the Inflammatory Response Induced by Androctonus australis hector Neurotoxins: Biomarker Interactions

“…Histamine also stimulates endothelial NO synthase and NO production [20] . Tityus serrulatus venom induces an increase in serum concentrations of NO in mice and in human clinical cases [21,[22][23][24] .…”

Neutrophils regulate the expression of cytokines, chemokines and nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide in mice injected with Bothrops atrox venom

“…More recently, some cytokines have also been implicated as putative mediators of some of these events (Moura da Silva et al, 1996;Barros et al, 1998). Cytokines act as soluble mediators of immune responses participating in the communication and regulation of inflammatory responses (Cerami, 1992).…”