Local Market for TSO and DSO Reactive Power Provision Using DSO Grid Resources

Abstract

<jats:p>This paper proposes a near to real-time local market to provide reactive power to the transmission system operator (TSO), using the resources connected to a distribution grid managed by a distribution system operator (DSO). The TSO publishes a requested reactive power profile at the TSO-DSO interface for each time-interval of the next delivery period, so that market agents (managing resources of the distribution grid) can prepare and send their bids accordingly. DSO resources are the first to be mobilized, and the remaining residual reactive power is supplied by the reactive power flexibility offered in the local reactive market. Complex bids (with non-curtailability conditions) are supported to provide flexible ways of bidding fewer flexible assets (such as capacitor banks). An alternating current (AC) optimal power flow (OPF) is used to clear the bids by maximizing the social welfare to supply the TSO required reactive power profile, subject to the DSO grid constraints. A rolling window mechanism allows a continuous dispatching of reactive power, and the possibility of adapting assigned schedules to real time constraints. A simplified TSO-DSO cost assignment of the flexible reactive power used is proposed to share for settlement purposes.</jats:p>

Reactive Power Markets: A Review

“…Therefore, it is a methodology to couple multiple local reactive power markets. In their innovative publication, Retorta et al [73] consider a multi voltage level framework where the TSO requests reactive power from the DSO, which is then procured in a local reactive power market similar to the standard OPF-based framework described in III-A. Apart from the multi-grid aspect, they further contribute very detailed descriptions of the market process and the communication, a close to real-time framework, a rolling window market clearing, incremental bidding relative to the current state of the system, and more complex bids than simple cost functions to consider e.g.…”

“…A detailed example how this can be done is ref. [73]. Data flow: Most discussed publications do not explicitly state which actors communicate which information with the grid operator.…”

A Local Capacity Market Providing Local and System-Wide Flexibility Services

“…The main objective of the paper was totally in favor of the flexibility sellers as it aims to maximize the total revenues of the BESS owners. Reference [34] modelled the coordination of the DSO and the TSO that facilitates the participation of distributed energy resources in providing reactive power ancillary services. The provision of FFR services in addition to the voltage-related services, was proposed in [35].…”

“…Constraint (33) also states that the selected amount of FCR-D should be the minimum value of FCR-D considering two scenarios. Finally, (34) and (35) indicate that the accepted flexibilities should be less than the amount accepted in the first stage of the LFCM. Finally, (36) denotes other constraints related to the power flow equations.…”

A privacy‐preserving approach to day‐ahead TSO‐DSO coordinated stochastic scheduling for energy and reserve

“…A TSO‐DSO coordination scheme for reactive power procurement from distribution networks, including wind farms, is proposed in [30], which does not optimize the active power trading between SOs. A local market for reactive power procured by DERs is presented by [31], and redundant values are submitted to be used by the TSO. The justification of second‐order cone programming (SOCP) for AC power flow of ADNs is conducted in [32], and the accuracy of the model is compared to other methods.…”