“…However, it has limitations such as being trapped at a local minima and deadlocks. To avoid the above difficulties, several researchers (Li, Wang, Chen, & Zhou, ; Matoui, Boussaid, & Abdelkrim, ; Park & Lee, ) have presented different modifications in the traditional potential field method to avoid local minima. The problem of deadlocks is dealt with by replacing traditionally used functions with exponential functions (Ge & Cui, ; Lee, Nam, Hong, & Cho, ; Weerakoon, Ishii, & Nassiraei, ).…”