Local reactions to perceived language decline

Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization

“…The terms elaborated above are adjectives. In addition, there are related nouncollocations, such as language death (Craig 1997: 258;Dorian 1981;Dressier 1972: 448;Hill 1973: 33; Thomason 2001: 222), language decay (Dressier 1981: 5, Sasse 1992a, language decline (Kinkade 1991: 157;Sasse 1992a: 8;Watahomigie and Yamamoto 1992), language demise (Craig 1997: 258), language displacement (Brenzinger 1997: 273;Fishman 1964Fishman : 32, 1972, language endangerment (Krauss 1998: 102), language erosion (Campbell 1994(Campbell : 1961, language extinction (Dorian 1981: 1), language imperilment (David Wilkins 1992: 172), language loss (Gal 1989: 313; Thomason 2001: 223), language obsolescence (Elmendorf 1981: 48;Dorian 1989b), and linguistic death (Dorian 1973: 437). Campbell (1994Campbell ( : 1961) lists many more related terms, two of which will be cited shortly: language attrition and language contraction.…”

“…Thus, (i) research results should help the education of the children of the community (Hudson and McConvell 1984: 79). (ii) Linguists should train community members in linguistics (England 1992: 34;Grinevald 1998: 151, 152;Hudson and McConvell 1984: 79;Shaw 2001: 72;Watahomigie and Yamamoto 1992: 12; cf. also McKay 1996: 30-31) -so that the latter can conduct research, (iii) Linguists should aid language revitalization activities (Okuda 1998: 143;cf.…”

The Predicament of Language and Culture: Advocacy, Anthropology, and Dormant Language Communities

“…101‐477; see 25 USC § 2901). Borrowing language from a resolution passed at a 1988 meeting of two advocacy organizations that brought together linguists and indigenous language activists—the Native American Language Issues Institute and the American Indian Language Development Institute—NALA also establishes essentialist connections between language, culture, and identity, presenting Native American languages as a crucial part of and medium for indigenous cultures and identities: “the traditional languages of Native Americans are an integral part of their cultures and identities and form the basic medium for the transmission, and thus survival, of Native American cultures, literatures, histories, religions, political institutions, and values” and “languages are the means of communication for the full range of human experiences and are critical to the survival of cultural and political integrity of any people” (25 USC § 2901; see also Warhol , ; Watahomigie and Yamamoto ). This idea of language as simultaneously part of culture, identity, and political integrity but also the medium for culture, literature, history, religion, political institutions, and values echoes Herder's position that a shared language is a defining component of a nation but that “in this language dwell its whole world of tradition, history, religion and principles of life, its whole heart and soul” (quoted in Bauman and Briggs :258).…”

Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization : An Introduction

“…In addition, there are related nouncollocations, such as language death (Craig 1997: 258;Dorian 1981;Dressier 1972: 448;Hill 1973: 33;Thomason 2001: 222), language decay (Dressier 1981: 5, Sasse 1992a, language decline (Kinkade 1991: 157;Sasse 1992a: 8;Watahomigie and Yamamoto 1992), language demise (Craig 1997: 258), language displacement (Brenzinger 1997: 273;Fishman 1964Fishman : 32, 1972, language endangerment (Krauss 1998: 102), language erosion (Campbell 1994(Campbell : 1961, language extinction (Dorian 1981: 1), language imperilment (David Wilkins 1992: 172), language loss (Gal 1989: 313;Thomason 2001: 223), language obsolescence (Elmendorf 1981: 48;Dorian 1989b), and linguistic death (Dorian 1973: 437). Campbell (1994Campbell ( : 1961 lists many more related terms, two of which will be cited shortly: language attrition and language contraction.…”