Receptor targeting with radiolabeled peptides has become an important topic, particularly in nuclear oncology. Strong research efforts are under way in radiopharmaceutical science laboratories and in nuclear medicine departments in Europe. The target receptors belong to the large family of G-proteincoupled receptors. The prototypes of these radiopeptides are based on analogs of somatostatin targeting somatostatin receptor-positive tumors, particularly well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. These radiopeptides have an important impact not only on diagnosis but also on targeted radionuclide therapy of these tumors. Besides the registered radiopeptide 111 In-pentetreotide, efficient SPECT tracers labeled with 99m Tc and PET agents based on generator-produced 68 Ga have been developed and used in the clinic. In parallel to the development of diagnostic agents, radiopeptides labeled with the b 2 emitters 90 Y and 177 Lu are also widely used. Because the same chelators and therefore the same conjugates can be used in diagnosis and therapy, they constitute ideal theranostic pairs. This progress is driven not only by scientists and clinicians but also by patient interest groups. New radiopeptides targeting other G-protein-coupled receptors are entering the clinic, among them glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor-targeting molecules. This receptor is overexpressed on literally all benign insulinomas. 111 In-labeled derivatives of the insulinotropic 39-mer peptide exendin-4 were beneficial in the pre-and perioperative localization of these benign lesions. In contrast, lack of localization may indicate malignant insulinoma. The bombesin-and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor family is potentially important because these receptors are overexpressed on major human tumors such as prostate tumors, breast tumors, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and vessels of ovarian cancer. 99m Tc-labeled peptides for SPECT and 68 Ga-, as well as 64 Cu-labeled agonists or antagonists, have been studied in breast tumors, prostate tumors, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and gliomas with considerable success. A phase I therapeutic study with a 177 Lu-labeled agonist has been completed. There are not enough clinical data available to reveal the significance of these new modalities in patient care, but several phase I studies are under way in larger patient cohorts using PET agents. Another G-protein-coupled receptor with high overexpression on human tumors is the gastrin/ cholecystokinin-2 receptor. It is overexpressed in more than 90% of cases of medullary thyroid cancer, in small cell lung cancer, and in a subgroup of neuroendocrine tumors. Correlating with in vitro receptor localization using autoradiography of 27 patients with metastasized medullary thyroid cancer, SPECT or planar imaging of these patients resulted in a 95% sensitivity of tumor localization. Finally, another G-protein-coupled receptor is found in brain tumors and peritumoral vessels. Literally all cases of glioblastoma multiforme overexpress the neurokinin type 1 receptor; th...