Local work function changes determined by field emission resonances:<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Na</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cl</mml:mi><mml:mo>∕</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ag</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>100</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math>

Ploigt, H.-C.; Brun, Christophe; Pivetta, Marina; Patthey, F.; Schneider, W. D.

doi:10.1103/physrevb.76.195404

Cited by 117 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…As the first peak of the FERs appears at voltages around the local work function of the sample [58][59][60] , these data confirm a work function lowering on the BN compared to Cu(111) and corroborate the spatial modulation of the surface potential on the BN. Figure 5c also reveals that the appearance of the Moiré patterns, including the observed contrast inversion at high bias voltages (compare Fig.…”

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confidence: 71%

Boron Nitride on Cu(111): An Electronically Corrugated Monolayer

et al. 2012

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supporting

confidence: 71%

Boron Nitride on Cu(111): An Electronically Corrugated Monolayer

et al. 2012

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“…5 in Ref. [5]), while such a crossover was not observed for nanostructured Pt(111) surfaces covered with two monolayers of Ag (see Fig. 2 in Ref.…”

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“…The interaction of IS electrons with underlying bulk state electrons causes the ISs to broaden into resonances. This interaction has been studied intensively by means of two-photon photoemission spectroscopy (2PPE), yielding valuable information about the dynamics and lifetime of IS electrons [3,4], as well as about the influence of insulating top layers [5] and of nanostructuring [6] on the work function of metallic surfaces.Whereas 2PPE experiments provide area-averaged information, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) allow local investigation of IS phenomena with high spatial and energy resolution. Soon after the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope, STM and STS in the distance-voltage zðVÞ spectroscopy mode were introduced to study ISs at surfaces [7].…”

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Quantum Confinement of Hot Image-Potential State Electrons

Schouteden¹,

Haesendonck²

2009

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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Discrete image-potential state (IS) resonances at Co nanoislands on Au(111) are probed using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. We observe particle-in-box-type standing wave patterns, which is surprising in view of the high energy of the IS electrons when compared to the confining potential imposed by the island edges. The weak confining potential experienced by the IS electrons results in electronic interaction effects between closely spaced islands. Probing high-energy ISs hence provides a novel route to investigate electronic coupling between nanoislands on surfaces. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.266805 PACS numbers: 73.22.Àf, 68.37.Ef, 73.20.At Image-potential states provide an ideal playground for investigation of fundamental physical properties such as the dynamics of excited surface electrons. Image-potential state (IS) electrons are confined along the surface normal by the crystal surface potential at one side and by the Coulomblike image potential at the vacuum side [1,2]. This results in the formation of hydrogenlike states, in which electrons act as a two-dimensional (2D) freeelectron-like gas that can move freely along the surface [3]. The interaction of IS electrons with underlying bulk state electrons causes the ISs to broaden into resonances. This interaction has been studied intensively by means of two-photon photoemission spectroscopy (2PPE), yielding valuable information about the dynamics and lifetime of IS electrons [3,4], as well as about the influence of insulating top layers [5] and of nanostructuring [6] on the work function of metallic surfaces.Whereas 2PPE experiments provide area-averaged information, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) allow local investigation of IS phenomena with high spatial and energy resolution. Soon after the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope, STM and STS in the distance-voltage zðVÞ spectroscopy mode were introduced to study ISs at surfaces [7]. In this mode the tunneling voltage V is ramped while the tunneling current I is kept constant by increasing the distance z of the STM tip to the substrate as more and more (image-potential) states become available for tunneling. Figure 1 presents a schematic energy diagram of an STM tip in close vicinity of a metal surface. Because of the applied electric field between STM tip and sample, the ISs shift to higher energies and their energy spacings expand. It has been demonstrated that tunneling via ISs allows detailed visualization of the surface of insulating diamond films with atomic resolution [8]. IS dynamics has recently been investigated for various flat surfaces, including Fe [9], Au [10] and Cu surfaces [10,11]. While the idea has been put forward before [11,12], experimental observation of ISs confined at nanosize metallic particles is still lacking.To the best of our knowledge, so far only circularly shaped Na nanoislands on Cu(111) surfaces have been studied theoretically [12].In this Letter we report on a detailed experimental study of ISs...

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“…In this way, image potential states (IS's) are Stark-shifted and actually become field emission resonances (FER's) as observed on different metal 1 and semiconductor surfaces. 2 FER's can be used to chemically identify different surface terminations from a study of the local changes in the work function [3][4][5][6][7] as well as to probe the effects of electron confinement in metallic 8,9 and molecular 10 nanostructures. Since the energetics of FER's is to a large extent determined by the electric field at the junction, the interpretation of the data is relatively simple.…”

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Localization, splitting, and mixing of field emission resonances induced by alkali metal clusters on Cu(100)

et al. 2011

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We report on a joint scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and theoretical wave packet propagation study of field emission resonances (FER's) of nanosized alkali metal clusters deposited on a Cu(100) surface. In addition to FER's of the pristine Cu(100) surface, we observe the appearance of island-induced resonances that are particularly well resolved for STM bias voltage values corresponding to electron energies inside the projected band gap of the substrate. The corresponding dI/dV maps reveal island-induced resonances of different nature. Their electronic densities are localized either inside the alkali cluster or on its boundaries. Our model calculations allow us to explain the experimental results as due to the coexistence and mixing of two kinds of island-induced states. On the one side, since the alkali work function is lower than that of the substrate, the nanosized alkali metal clusters introduce intrinsic localized electronic states pinned to the vacuum level above the cluster. These states can be seen as the FER's of the complete alkali overlayer quantized by the cluster boundaries. On the other side, the attractive potential well due to the alkali metal cluster leads to two-dimensional (2D) localization of the FER's of the Cu(100) surface, the corresponding split component of the resonances appearing below the bottom of the parent continuum. Our main conclusions are based on the attractive nature of the alkali ad-island potential. They are of general validity and, therefore, significant to understand electron confinement in 2D.

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Local work function changes determined by field emission resonances:NaCl∕Ag(100)

Cited by 117 publications

References 34 publications

Boron Nitride on Cu(111): An Electronically Corrugated Monolayer

Boron Nitride on Cu(111): An Electronically Corrugated Monolayer

Quantum Confinement of Hot Image-Potential State Electrons

Localization, splitting, and mixing of field emission resonances induced by alkali metal clusters on Cu(100)

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