Localization and distribution of nickel and other elements in in-vitro grown Alyssum corsicum exhibiting morphological changes in trichomes: initial insights into molecular mechanisms of nickel hyperaccumulation

Abstract

IntroductionAlthough heavy metals are toxic at high concentrations because of the damage they cause to plant metabolism, some metal-tolerant plants accumulate heavy metals within their aboveground tissues at high concentrations without any symptoms (Psaras et al., 2000;Pilon-Smits, 2005). Nickel hyperaccumulator plants are the largest group of metal hyperaccumulator plants with over 400 taxa, and the genus Alyssum L. (Brassicaceae) is the representative of this group with more than 50 nickelhyperaccumulating species (Broadhurst et al., 2009). The accumulated Ni concentration reaches nearly 3% of the leaf dry biomass in many Alyssum species (Krämer et al., 1996;Altınözlü et al., 2012).Serpentine soils are rich in heavy metals including nickel, cobalt, and chromium and are low in nutrients because they are derived from ultramafic rocks; therefore, a unique flora spreads out on such soil types (Prasad, 2005).Turkey is one of the major centers of hyperaccumulator plants as over half of the Alyssum species and over half of the hyperaccumulators are found in Turkey (Reeves and Adıgüzel, 2008). Alyssum murale Waldst. & Kit. and A. corsicum Duby are endemic to serpentine soils throughout Mediterranean Europe and are the species most often subjected to phytoremediation and phytomining studies because of their ability to grow in different types of soils (Brooks et al., 2000;Broadhurst et al., 2004). Plants hyperaccumulating heavy metals draw attention with the complex mechanisms they use to avoid the toxicity of heavy metals and where they accumulate such levels of heavy metals within the plant. Plants have a regulated system that consists of metal transport, chelation, transfer, and sequestration activities, all of which contribute to the uptake, distribution, and detoxification of metal ions (Clemens, 2001).

Differential Tolerance to Lead and Cadmium of Micropropagated Gypsophila fastigiata Ecotype

“…To our knowledge, it is the first report on in vitro propagation of G. fastigiata calamine ecotype and one of the few reports relating to the use of these techniques for multiplication of facultative metallophytes (Bidwell et al 2001 ; Jack et al 2005 ; Zheng et al 2007 ; Muszyńska and Hanus-Fajerska 2017 ). In such experiments using of seeds collected from natural habitats to initiate in vitro culture is a common practice and was previously reported for others metallophytes like Alyssum corsicum (Babaoğlu Aydaş et al 2013 ), Plantago algarbiensis and P. almogravensis (Gonçalves et al 2009 ), or Biscutella laevigata (Hanus-Fajerska et al 2012 ). Taking into account the culture condition optimized for economically important Gypsophila genus, various supplementation of MS medium were tested to elaborate the optimal medium composition for G. fastigiata calamine ecotype.…”

The overlooked functions of trichomes: Water absorption and metal detoxication

“…Babaoğlu Aydaş et al (2013); Broadhurst, Chaney, Angle, Maugel, et al (2004); Leigh Broadhurst et al (2009)…”