We have designed and synthesized a linear peptide analogue of arginine vasopressin. This peptide, 11-phenylacetyl, 2-O-methyl-~-tyrosine, 6-arginine, 8-arginine, 9-lysinamide]vasopressin (PhAcALVP), has a lysinamide residue substituted for the more usual glycinamide at position 9. Derivatization of PhAcALVP at the NE-lysyl amino group with N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of aminomethylcoumarin (Mec) and biotin (Btn) produced the bifunctional ligands PhAcAL(Mec jVP and PhAcAL(Btn)VP, respectively. Pharmacological characterization of these peptides revealed that all were high-affinity V,,-selective antagonists. PhAcAL(BtnjVP can simultaneously bind to both the rat liver V,, receptor and avidin conjugates. Using this strategy, we were able to study the distribution of V,, receptors on the surface of the rat mammary tumour cell line, WRK-1. Routine epifluorescent microscopy and confocal image analysis were used to observe the distribution of avidin -Texas-Red associated with receptor-bound PhAcAL(Btn)VP. We conclude that PhAcALVP is a useful precursor for the production of hetero-bifunctional V,,-selective ligands. Both PhAcAL-(Mec)VP and PheAcAL(Btn)VP can be used selectively to probe the Vt, receptor and will be versatile tools for a variety of histocytochemical applications, including receptor localization and purification.[Args]vasopressin ([Arg'IVPj, a neurohypophyseal peptide hormone, regulates a plethora of physiological processes in mammals that include well-documented pressor (Hofbauer et al., 1984) and antidiuretic actions (reviewed by Handler and Orloff, 1981). To date, three pharmacologically distinct subtypes of vasopressin receptor (VPR) have been described and classified as Vla, V,, and V, (Michell et al., 1979;Jard et al., 1986). The V1, VPR subtype, expressed by vascular smooth muscle and hepatocytes, has been well characterized and is known to regulate blood pressure and liver function by stimulating phosphoinositidase C (Michell et al., 1979). The V,, VPR is also expressed by other cell types in the central nervous system and periphery (Jard et al., 1987;Maggi et al., 1988;Tribollet et al., 1988). The availability of V,,-selective ligands, particularly antagonists (Manning et al., 1987a), has greatly facilitated studies addressing the nature and function of the V,, VPR subtype. In this regard, the synthetic peptide [l -P-mercaptocyclopentamethylenepropionic acid, 2-O-methyltyrosine, Arg8]vasopressin [d(CH,j,Tyr(Me)2]AVP which is a V,, VPR antagonist (Kruszynski et al., 1980) has proved particularly useful for selectively blocking V,, VPR function. Like [d(CH,),Tyr(Me)2]AVP, the vast majority of potent structural analogues of [Arg8]VP have incorporated an intramolecular disulphide bond between positions 1 and 6 to mimic the cystine bond in [Arg'IVP. Manning and his co-workers (Manning et al., 1984 were also the first to demonstrate that the nature of the amino acid residue at position 9 does not greatly influence the potency of cyclic vasopressin antagonists. Indeed, all that may be required for high-a...