Localization of alkylresorcinols in wheat, rye and barley kernels

Changes in the phytochemical profile of rye bran induced by enzymatic bioprocessing and sourdough fermentation

“…It contains a significant amount of phytochemicals from various chemical groups, including phenolic acids, lignans, and alkylresorcinols, mainly in the outer parts of the cereal grain (Bondia-Pons et al, 2009). While phenolic acids are present even in the starchy endosperm of the rye kernel, alkylresorcinols are located exclusively in the bran section of wheat and rye, thus making them potential biomarkers of whole grain intake (Landberg, Kamal-Eldin, Salmenkallio-Marttila, Rouau, & Åman, 2008;Ross, Åman, & Kamal-Eldin, 2004). Additionally, benzoxazinoids have recently been identified from whole-grain rye (Hanhineva et al, 2011;Pedersen, Laursen, Mortensen, & Fomsgaard, 2011) and discovered to be bioavailable dietary metabolites in humans (Adhikari et al, 2013;Beckmann et al, 2013;Hanhineva et al, 2014).…”

Determination of alkylresorcinol metabolites in human urine by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

“…Alkylresorcinols (1,3-dihydroxy-5-alkylbenzene derivatives) are found in high amounts in the outer parts of rye and wheat kernels [8], and are therefore present in products containing bran or whole grains of rye or wheat, but are generally absent or found in very small amounts in other commonly consumed foods [9,10]. Ingested AR, absorbed in the small intestine and distributed to the systemic circulation by the lymphatic pathway, have been found in several biological compartments including plasma [11], erythrocytes [12], and adipose tissue [13].…”

Reliability of fasting plasma alkylresorcinol concentrations measured 4 months apart

“…They are present in high amounts in rye, common-and durum wheat and in lower amounts in barley (Landberg et al, 2006a;Andersson et al, 2008). AR are located in the outer cuticule of testa or inner cuticule of pericarp and thus their occurrence in blood reflect individual intake of bran (Ross et al, 2001(Ross et al, , 2003Landberg et al, 2008b).…”