Localization of FMRFamide-Like Immunoreactivity in the Brain of the Viviparous Skink <i>(Chalcides chalcides)</i>

Abstract

Neuroanatomical distribution of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity was investigated in the brain and olfactory system of the viviparous skink, Chalcides chalcides. In the adult brain FMRFamide immunoreactive (ir) perikarya were observed in the diagonal band of Broca, medial septal nucleus, accumbens nucleus, bed nucleus of the anterior commissure, periventricular hypothalamic nucleus, lateral forebrain bundle, and lateral preoptic, subcommissural, suprachiasmatic and lateral hypothalamic areas. This pattern was seen in both male and female brains. Though all major brain areas showed FMRFamide-ir innervation, the densest ir fiber network was observed in the hypothalamus. During development, ir elements were observed for the first time in embryos at mid-pregnancy. FMRFamide perikarya were located along the ventral surface of the vomeronasal nerve, in the olfactory peduncle mediobasally, as well as in the anterior olfactory nucleus and olfactory tubercle. Furthermore, some ir neurons were observed in the rhombencephalic reticular substance; however, the ir fiber network was poorly developed. Later in development FMRFamide-ir neurons appeared also in the bed nucleus of the anterior commissure as well as the rhombencephalic nucleus of solitary tract and the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve. In juveniles, the distribution profile of FMRFamide immunoreactivity was substantially similar to that of the adults, with a less widespread neuronal distribution and a more developed fiber network. Ontogenetic presence of FMRFamide immunoreactivity in the nasal area has been linked to the presence of a nervus terminalis in this reptile.

Perfusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage at Baseline and during the 1st and 2nd Week: A Longitudinal Study

“…PET, SPECT and CT perfusion have been used previously to study the perihematomal area, and the results have either been inconclusive or inconsistent among the studies [18,20,21,22, 24, 28]. The development of new multisequence MR protocols has facilitated the study of these issues in hyperacute ICH.…”

“…Previous clinical and experimental studies of perihematoma ischemia have shown inconsistent results [18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32]. Different imaging techniques (SPECT, CT perfusion and multi-sequence stroke MRI protocols) used in generally small groups of patients and within the first hours after symptom onset have suggested the existence of hypoperfusion surrounding ICH [18,19,20,21,22,23,24, 32].…”

Recommendations for the Management of Intracranial Haemorrhage – Part I: Spontaneous Intracerebral Haemorrhage

“…Several studies in spontaneous ICH suggest that the role of perihaematomal ischaemia is small at most. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies found decreased perfusion but no ischaemia in the perilesional zone [42, 43], while positron emission tomography studies found intact autoregulation in the perihaematomal area [44] and only a reactive reduction of cerebral blood flow (CBF) consistent with oligaemia and diaschisis [44, 45]. …”

Blood Pressure Management in Acute Stroke: A Long-Standing Debate

“…Intracranial pressure decreased during the infusion without any change in MCA velocity or any evidence of rebleeding and exacerbation of cerebral oedema. Powers et al[ 58] had also evaluated the impact of BP reduction in 14 patients with acute (6–22 h after onset) supratentorial ICH on rCBF measured by means of PET scan. MAP was reduced by 15% using either nicardipine or labetalol infusions.…”