Localization of glycine receptor α1 subunit mRNA-containing neurons in the rat brain: An analysis using in situ hybridization histochemistry

Sato, Kazuo; Zhang, J.-H.; Saika, Takanori; Sato, Makoto; Tada, Kotaro; Tohyama, Masaya

doi:10.1016/0306-4522(91)90302-5

Cited by 109 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Details of the α 4 -distribution are also unclear, but low levels are expressed in spinal cord of mouse. The only marked spatial difference in expression is that, relative to spinal and cranial motoneuron pools innervating striated muscle, α 1 -transcripts appear reduced in motoneurons innervating the eye muscles (1083). Consistent with immunohistochemical data, α 1 -, α 2 -, and β-transcripts are also reduced in visceromotor nuclei (EW and DMV) relative to motoneurons innervating striated muscle (390, 1081, 1083).…”

Section: A) Gaba a Receptor Localizationsupporting

confidence: 63%

Synaptic Control of Motoneuronal Excitability

Rekling

Funk

Bayliss

et al. 2000

Physiological Reviews

537

482

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Movement, the fundamental component of behavior and the principal extrinsic action of the brain, is produced when skeletal muscles contract and relax in response to patterns of action potentials generated by motoneurons. The processes that determine the firing behavior of motoneurons are therefore important in understanding the transformation of neural activity to motor behavior. Here, we review recent studies on the control of motoneuronal excitability, focusing on synaptic and cellular properties. We first present a background description of motoneurons: their development, anatomical organization, and membrane properties, both passive and active. We then describe the general anatomical organization of synaptic input to motoneurons, followed by a description of the major transmitter systems that affect motoneuronal excitability, including ligands, receptor distribution, pre-and postsynaptic actions, signal transduction, and functional role. Glutamate is the main excitatory, and GABA and glycine are the main inhibitory transmitters acting through ionotropic receptors. These amino acids signal the principal motor commands from peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal structures. Amines, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, and neuropeptides, as well as the glutamate and GABA acting at metabotropic receptors, modulate motoneuronal excitability through pre-and postsynaptic actions. Acting principally via second messenger systems, their actions converge on common effectors, e.g., leak K + current, cationic inward current, hyperpolarization-activated inward current, Ca 2+ channels, or presynaptic release processes. Together, these numerous inputs mediate and modify incoming motor commands, ultimately generating the coordinated firing patterns that underlie muscle contractions during motor behavior.

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Section: A) Gaba a Receptor Localizationsupporting

confidence: 63%

Synaptic Control of Motoneuronal Excitability

Rekling

Funk

Bayliss

et al. 2000

Physiological Reviews

537

482

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“…For example, glycine binding sites are extremely abundant in spinal cord and to a lesser extent in the midbrain, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and thalamus and are almost absent in forebrain structures such as cortex, NAcc, or dorsal striatum (Rajendra et al, 1997). An in situ hybridization study by Sato et al (1991), showing that forebrain regions lack ␣1 subunits, supported the absence of glycine receptors in the forebrain. However, the same authors (Sato et al, 1992) showed that ␣2 subunits were expressed, although at moderate levels, in the NAcc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Electrophysiological Evidence for Expression of Glycine Receptors in Freshly Isolated Neurons from Nucleus Accumbens

Martin

Siggins²

2002

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

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In the course of studying N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), we found that 20% of freshly isolated medium spiny neurons, as well as all interneurons, responded in an unexpected way to long (5-s) coapplication of NMDA and glycine, the coagonist of NMDA receptors. Whereas the reversal potential of the peak NMDA current of this subset of neurons was still around 0 mV, the desensitizing current became outward at hyperpolarized potentials around Ϫ30 mV. A Cl Ϫ -free solution shifted the equilibrium potentials of the desensitized currents to around 0 mV. This outward current was not blocked by a Ca 2ϩ -free, Ba 2ϩ -containing solution, suggesting that the anionic conductance was not activated by Ca 2ϩ influx through NMDA receptor channels. Interestingly, glycine alone also evoked a current with a similar hyperpolarized reversal potential in this subset of neurons. The glycine current reversed around Ϫ50 mV, rectified outwardly, and inactivated strongly. Its desensitization was best fitted with a double exponential. Only the slow desensitization showed clear voltage dependence. The glycine current was not blocked by 200 M picrotoxin and 10 M zinc, was weakly antagonized by 1 M strychnine, and was not enhanced by 1 M zinc. In addition, 1 mM taurine, but not GABA, inactivated glycine currents, and 1 mM glycine occluded 10 mM taurine-mediated currents. These data indicate that a subset of nucleus accumbens neurons expresses glycine receptors and that either glycine or taurine could be an endogenous agonist for these receptors.The nucleus accumbens (NAcc), an interface region between limbic structures (hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex) and the extrapyramidal motor system, modulates cognitive and motivational aspects of behavior that are translated into motor activity (Dunah et al., 1996). Projecting GABAergic neurons, also containing mostly either substance P or enkephalin, account for 90% of the neuronal population of NAcc (Meredith, 1999). These neurons receive massive dopaminergic input from the ventral tegmental area, glutamatergic input from cortical and subcortical regions, and GABA innervation from interneurons. The physiology of the receptors for these transmitters is relatively well known, because they have been heavily studied with regard to addiction to psychostimulants, opiates, and alcohol (Koob et al., 1998). NAcc-projecting neurons also receive inputs from acetylcholine-and somatostatin-containing interneurons (Groenewegen et al., 1991;Meredith, 1999), but relatively little is known about the physiology of receptors for these ligands in NAcc. Furthermore, some data suggest that other receptors, including glycine receptors, remain to be identified and characterized.Glycine receptors, along with GABA receptors, represent the primary fast inhibitory mechanisms in the central nervous system. Activation of glycine receptors opens anionic channels that hyperpolarize neurons. Until recently, it was generally believed that glycine receptors were almost exclusiv...

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“…Nonradioactive in situ hybridization. The regional distribution of GlyR complex mRNAs was studied previously by radioactive in situ hybridization (ISH) (Malosio et al, 1991;Sato et al, 1991;Kirsch et al, 1993a). However, because of their design, these experiments could not resolve the subcellular localization of the mRNAs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dendritic and Postsynaptic Localizations of Glycine Receptor α Subunit mRNAs

1997

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Some synaptic neurotransmitter receptors, such as those for glycine, have somato-dendritic distributions. Although the machinery for protein synthesis and several mRNAs are present in dendrites and close to synapses in central neurons, so far the mRNAs for neurotransmitter receptors have not been found unequivocally in dendrites. The glycine receptor (GlyR), a ligand-gated channel mediating a chloride-dependent inhibition, is composed of transmembrane ␣ and ␤ subunits. GlyRs are only present at glycinergic postsynaptic differentiation, where they are stabilized by the associated protein gephyrin. With light nonradioactive in situ hybridization (ISH), we observe that GlyR ␣ subunit mRNAs are present in both somata and dendrites of most neurons of the ventral horn of rat spinal cord, whereas the ␤ subunit and gephyrin mRNAs are predominantly in somata. Interestingly, within dendrites GlyR ␣ subunit mRNAs form aggregates that are mostly localized peripherally to the dendritic axial core. Electron microscopic ISH shows that GlyR ␣ subunit mRNAs are associated with postsynaptic differentiations. At these sites, the GlyR ␣ subunit mRNAs are detected in close association with subsynaptic cisternae. This targeting of ␣ subunit mRNAs to postsynaptic domains could provide a means of dynamically modulating synaptic efficacy by changing the composition and the density of receptors at glycinergic synapses.

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Localization of glycine receptor α1 subunit mRNA-containing neurons in the rat brain: An analysis using in situ hybridization histochemistry

Cited by 109 publications

References 54 publications

Synaptic Control of Motoneuronal Excitability

Synaptic Control of Motoneuronal Excitability

Electrophysiological Evidence for Expression of Glycine Receptors in Freshly Isolated Neurons from Nucleus Accumbens

Dendritic and Postsynaptic Localizations of Glycine Receptor α Subunit mRNAs

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