Localization of immunoreactivities for neuropeptides and neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzymes in the pterygopalatine ganglion of the pig

Podlasz, Piotr; Wąsowicz, Krzysztof; Kaleczyc, Jerzy; Łakomy, M; Bukowski, R.

doi:10.17221/5756-vetmed

Cited by 7 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…As a result, they are often used as models to study a variety of disease mechanisms and different pathophysiological conditions in humans, such as obesity and gastrointestinal dysfunctions (Spurlock and Gabler 2008;Pidsudko et al 2011;Zhang et al 2013). Substance P was reported to be localised in the porcine central nervous system (Barnes et al 1993;Holm et al 1993) and in the nerve fibres innervating many porcine organs (Schmidt et al 1991;Happola et al 1993;Czaja et al 2001;Lamb and Sparrow 2002;Podlasz et al 2003;Pidsudko et al 2008;Podlasz and Wasowicz 2008;Kaleczyc et al 2010). In the pig, substance P can stimulate both endocrine and exocrine pancreatic functions through NK-1 receptors (Schmidt et al 2000).…”

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confidence: 99%

Characterisation, localisation and expression of porcine TACR1, TACR2 and TACR3 genes

Jakimiuk¹,

Podlasz²,

Chmielewska-Krzesińska³

et al. 2017

Vet. Med.

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Substance P is involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. This functional diversity is mediated by three neurokinin receptor subtypes (NK1R, NK2R and NK3R) encoded by the TACR1, TACR2 and TACR3 genes, respectively. Despite the increasing interest in using pigs (Sus scrofa) to study human disease mechanisms, the sequences of these receptors are still unconfirmed or in the case of the NK1 receptor, not yet even unpredicted. We employed in silico analysis to define the localisation of the porcine tachykinin receptor genes, and to predict the structures and amino acid sequences of the respective proteins. A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was performed to analyse the expression of tachykinin receptor genes in different porcine tissues. The data show that the TACR1 gene is located on chromosome 3, TACR2 on chromosome 14 and TACR3 on chromosome 8. All three genes encode proteins with structures that incorporate features of G-protein-coupled receptors with sizes of 407, 381 and 464 amino acids, respectively. The receptors display a high degree of similarity to other mammalian neurokinin receptors. The NK1R subtype is expressed in both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues, while NK2R expression seems to be localised mostly to peripheral tissues. The expression of NK3R is found mainly in the central nervous system. This report provides for the first time the results of a comprehensive analysis of the structure and distribution of porcine NK1R, as well as other porcine neurokinin receptors and their genes. We hope that our data may offer an invaluable foundation for the future studies on the function of diverse tachykinin peptides in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues.

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confidence: 99%

Characterisation, localisation and expression of porcine TACR1, TACR2 and TACR3 genes

Jakimiuk¹,

Podlasz²,

Chmielewska-Krzesińska³

et al. 2017

Vet. Med.

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“…In the rat and human, VIP could even serve as a marker of PPG neurons because in those species 99% of PPG neurons express this neuropeptide [9]. In the porcine PPG all VIP-ergic PPG neurons are cholinergic in nature [11]. The co-localization of CART and VIP is additionally regularly found in the mammalian intrapancreatic neurons [25], enteric neurons from the stomach [26], small intestine [27] and large intestine [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far, no studies describing the co-localization pattern of CART and galanin in mammalian PPG are available. It has been immunohistochemically demonstrated that in the porcine PPG galanin-containing neurons constitute up to 6% of all neuronal perykarya [11]. It has been postulated that galanin-containing PPG neurons are considered as a source of nerve supply to blood vessels (ciliary artery and choroidal blood vessels) of the cat's eye [30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have also shown that PPG parasympathetic neurons are predominantly cholinergic by nature, however the presence of other neurotransmitter markers including tyrosine hydroxylase or nitric oxide synthase has been additionally noted [7]. Besides, major neurotransmitter PPG neurons also express various neuropeptide receptors [8] as well as a bulk of neuroactive peptides acting as neuromodulators and/or co-transmitters [9][10][11]. Recently, the presence of novel multipotent neuropeptide cocaine-and amphetamineregulated transcript (CART) has been found in a small subset of the rat's [12] and the duck's [13] PPG neurons, however the full meaning of this fi nding is still obscure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Immunohistochemical Study of Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (Cart) Expression in the Pterygopalatine Ganglion of the Pig

et al. 2017

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Although, a great effort has been made to understand the synthesis, regulation, processing and function of cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide at the central level, its peripheral function(s) are still obscure. Moreover, scarce studies describing the presence of CART in peripheral autonomic ganglia are mainly limited to laboratory rodents. Thus, the aim of the present study was to immunohistochemically investigate the expression of CART in Hu C/D-positive neurons of the porcine pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG). The distribution pattern of CART-IR nerve elements in PPG has been also assessed. The co-localization of CART with substance P (SP), galanin or somatostatin was studied by means of double immunohistochemical stainings. The presence of Hu C/D-positive/CART-positive neurons was detected both in the left and right PPG (4.7±1.2% and 5.2% ± 1.4%, respectively). The CARTimmunoreactive (IR) neurons were categorized as either middle (ca. 80%) or small (ca. 20%) in size. Moderate numbers of CART-IR boutons were also detected between CART-negative ganglionic neurons. CART-IR basket-like formations around PPG neurons were regularly observed. Virtually all CART-IR neurons additionally co-stored VIP, whereas none of the CART-expressing cells showed the presence of galanin, SP or somatostatin. CART-IR basket-like formations exclusively encircled VIP-IR PPG neurons. Thus, CART-IR nerve cells seem to constitute a relatively small homologous population of the porcine PPG neurons with largely unknown functions. Further functional studies aiming at whether CART-IR neurons could serve as interneurons are necessary.

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“…In the available literature there are some papers dealing with cranial ganglia in the pig. Until now immunohistochemical characteristics of the cilary (Kaleczyc et al 2005), otic (Lakomy et al 2002) and pterygopalitine ganglion (Sienkiewicz et al 1995, Podlasz et al 2003 were described. The above mentioned ganglia belong to the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nerve system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical characterization of the jugular (superior vagal) ganglion in the pig

Sienkiewicz

Dudek

Zacharko-Siembida

et al. 2017

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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The study was carried out on three 4-month old female pigs. All the animals were deeply anesthetized and transcardially perfused with 4% buffered paraformaldehyde (pH 7.4). Left and right superior vagal ganglia (SVG) were collected and processed for immunofluorescence labeling method. The preparations were examined under a Zeiss LSM 710 confocal microscope equipped with adequate filter block.Neurons forming SVG were round or oval in shape with a round nucleus in the center. The majority of them (52%) were medium (M) (31-50 μm in diameter) while 7% and 41% were small (S) (up to 30μm in diameter) or large (L) (above 50 μm in diameter) in size, respectively. Double-labeling immunofluorescence revealed that SVG neurons stained for CGRP (approx. 57%; among them 37%, 9% and 54% were M, S and L in size, respectively), SP (14.5%; 72.4% M, 3.4% S, 24.2% L), VACHT (26%; 63% M, 24% S and 13% L ), GAL (14%; 57% M, 29% S, 14% L), NPY (12%; 53% M, 12% S, 35% L), Met-Enk (5%; 40% M, 6% S and 54% L), PACAP (15%; 52% M, 24% S and 24% L),VIP (6.3%; 67% M, 8% S and 25% L), and NOS-positive (6%; 31% M and 69% L). The most abundant populations of intraganglionic nerve fibers were those which stained for CGRP or GAL, whereas only single SP-, PACAP-or Met-ENK-positive nerve terminals were observed.

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Localization of immunoreactivities for neuropeptides and neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzymes in the pterygopalatine ganglion of the pig

Cited by 7 publications

References 24 publications

Characterisation, localisation and expression of porcine TACR1, TACR2 and TACR3 genes

Characterisation, localisation and expression of porcine TACR1, TACR2 and TACR3 genes

An Immunohistochemical Study of Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (Cart) Expression in the Pterygopalatine Ganglion of the Pig

Immunohistochemical characterization of the jugular (superior vagal) ganglion in the pig

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