Localization of nitric oxide synthase in the brain of the frog,Xenopus laevis

Brüning, Gerold; Mayer, Bernd

doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(96)00944-4

Cited by 67 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The distribution of NADPH-d + neurons corroborates the findings of Brü ning and Mayer (1996) in Xenopus lae6is and is also in line with recent studies in other amphibian species Muñ oz et al, 1996) and in some reptiles (Brü ning et al, 1994;Smeets et al, 1997) (reviewed in Allaerts et al, 1997). In the rat, it was shown that NOS catalytic activity is responsible for NADPH-d staining (Hope et al, 1991;Dawson et al, 1991), although some tissues like the adrenal cortex and the liver display NADPH-d activity in the absence of NOS (Dawson et al, 1991).…”

Section: Localisation Of Nos-isozymessupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Muñ oz et al (1996) observed NADPH-d activity in the suprachiasmatic and magnocellular nuclei in the frog Rana perezi, but this observation was not confirmed in studies in Xenopus lae6is (Brü ning and Mayer, 1996), nor in the urodele Pleurodeles waltl . Therefore, the data presented and also data from other studies indicate that the locus coeruleus neurons may be good candidates for the NOergic innervation of the PI.…”

Section: Localisation Of Nos-isozymesmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Recently, the neuroanatomical distribution of NOSimmunoreactive neurons and the distribution of inicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) positive neurons has been described in a number of amphibian (Brü ning and Mayer, 1996;Muñ oz et al, 1996;González et al, 1996) and reptilian species (Brü ning et al, 1994;Smeets et al, 1997). Muñ oz et al (1996) suggest that the function of NO in the amphibian brain, considered to be primarily related to forebrain activities, may have been well preserved during vertebrate evolution (Allaerts et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nitric oxide synthase and background adaptation in Xenopus laevis

Allaerts

Ubink

Vente

et al. 1997

Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy

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Adaptation of the skin colour to the background light condition in the amphibian Xenopus lae6is is achieved by migration of pigment granules in the skin melanophores, a process regulated by h-MSH secretion from melanotrope cells in the pituitary pars intermedia (PI). h-MSH secretion in turn, is regulated by various stimulatory and inhibitory messengers synthesized in brain nuclei, especially the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic and magnocellular nuclei and the locus coeruleus in the hindbrain.In the present study, the roles in background adaptation of nitric oxide (NO) and NO synthase (NOS) enzyme activity were evaluated. In situ, using both immunohistochemistry with anti-human brain NOS (bNOS) serum in paraffin-embedded material and using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry in cryo-sections, we showed NOS in neurons in the optic tectum and in the locus coeruleus. NADPH-d reactivity was also found in neurons in the lateral amygdala, the ventral hypothalamic nucleus and in fibers in the median eminence. Using a Western blot stained with an anti-human bNOS serum, we demonstrated a 150 kDa band in Xenopus hindbrain lysates, which is similar to the NOS protein present in the rat anterior pituitary, but which was not detectable in the lysates from both the neurointermediate and distal lobes in Xenopus. No differences in histochemical staining pattern or on Western blotting were observed between animals adapted to a black or a white background.Paraffin sections of the endocrine PI and pars distalis did not reveal bNOS-like immunoreactivity. NADPH-d reactivity was observed in the endothelia of this gland. However, using a new procedure of thin cryo-sections of pituitary neurointermediate lobes, we observed bNOS-immunoreactive fibers as well as cyclic 3%,5% guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-accumulating fibers in the PI.The PI may be regulated by NOergic neurons from higher brain centers. The possibility that NOergic neurons in the locus coeruleus are involved in the innervation of the PI needs further investigation. The latter neurons are probably not noradrenergic because double labeling studies show no co-localization of NADPH-d reactivity and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in locus coeruleus neurons. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

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Section: Localisation Of Nos-isozymessupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Localisation Of Nos-isozymesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nitric oxide synthase and background adaptation in Xenopus laevis

Allaerts

Ubink

Vente

et al. 1997

Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy

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“…More recently, it has been shown that NOS is expressed in a subpopulation of neurons throughout the brain of the frog (8). The distribution pattern reveals certain similarities to that of other species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Participation of nitric oxide in the nucleus isthmi in CO2-drive to breathing in toads

Gargaglioni

Branco

1999

Braz J Med Biol Res

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The nucleus isthmi (NI) is a mesencephalic structure of the amphibian brain. It has been reported that NI plays an important role in integration of CO 2 chemoreceptor information and glutamate is probably involved in this function. However, very little is known about the mechanisms involved. Recently, it has been shown that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is expressed in the brain of the frog. Thus the gas nitric oxide (NO) may be involved in different functions in the brain of amphibians and may act as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. We tested the hypothesis that NO plays a role in CO 2 -drive to breathing, specifically in the NI comparing pulmonary ventilation, breathing frequency and tidal volume, after microinjecting 100 nmol/0.5 µl of L-NAME (a nonselective NO synthase inhibitor) into the NI of toads (Bufo paracnemis) exposed to normocapnia and hypercapnia. Control animals received microinjections of vehicle of the same volume. Under normocapnia no significant changes were observed between control and L-NAME-treated toads. Hypercapnia caused a significant (P<0.01) increase in ventilation only after intracerebral microinjection of L-NAME. Exposure to hypercapnia caused a significant increase in breathing frequency both in control and L-NAME-treated toads (P<0.01 for the control group and P<0.001 for the L-NAME group). The tidal volume of the L-NAME group tended to be higher than in the control group under hypercapnia, but the increase was not statistically significant. The data indicate that NO in the NI has an inhibitory effect only when the respiratory drive is high (hypercapnia), probably acting on tidal volume. The observations reported in the present investigation, together with other studies on the presence of NOS in amphibians, indicate a considerable degree of phylogenetic conservation of the NO pathway amongst vertebrates.

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“…In the frog cerebellum (Rana perezi, Xenopus laevis) in normal conditions, absence of NOS activity in the Purkinje cell population, or weak positivity in some of them, has been observed (Brü ning and Mayer, 1996;Muñ oz et al, 1996;Alonso et al, 2000).…”

Section: Nos Induction After Axotomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitric oxide synthase in the frog cerebellum: Response of Purkinje neurons to unilateral eighth nerve transection

et al. 2002

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When vestibular damage occurs, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression in rat cerebellar flocculus is affected. Since compensation for postural symptoms occurs and Purkinje cells play an important role in movement coordination and motor learning, we analyzed in situ the induction of NOS in the Purkinje cell population of the cerebellum (corpus cerebelli) of frog after unilateral transection of the eighth statoacoustic nerve to gain insight into the role of NO in neural plasticity after injury. Three days after neurectomy, the early effects induced NADPH diaphorase reactivity in most of the Purkinje cells on the ipsilateral side, while on the contralateral side the highest labeling was observed at 15 days. This finding can give information on the dynamics of vestibular compensation, in which NOS involvement was investigated. At 30 days, NADPH diaphorase reactivity was present in a large number of Purkinje cells of the whole cerebellum, while at 60 days a down-regulation for NADPH diaphorase reactivity was evident. A similar trend was observed for NOS-immunoreactivity, which was still present at 60 days in a high percentage of Purkinje cells, mainly on the ipsilateral side. On the basis of cell density evaluations, it was proposed that the early induction of NOS after neurectomy was linked to the degeneration of a part of the Purkinje neurons, while the permanence of NOS labeling might be due to a neuroprotective role of NO in the restoration phase of the vestibular compensation process. Anat Rec 268: 73-83, 2002.

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Localization of nitric oxide synthase in the brain of the frog,Xenopus laevis

Cited by 67 publications

References 36 publications

Nitric oxide synthase and background adaptation in Xenopus laevis

Nitric oxide synthase and background adaptation in Xenopus laevis

Participation of nitric oxide in the nucleus isthmi in CO2-drive to breathing in toads

Nitric oxide synthase in the frog cerebellum: Response of Purkinje neurons to unilateral eighth nerve transection

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