Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) represent an important modulator of striatal function both under normal conditions and in pathological states such as Parkinson's disease. Because different nAChR subtypes may have unique functions, immunoprecipitation and ligand binding studies were done to identify their subunit composition. As in the rodent, ␣2, ␣4, ␣6, 2, and 3 nAChR subunit immunoreactivity was identified in monkey striatum. However, distinct from the rodent, the present results also revealed the novel presence of ␣3 nAChR subunit-immunoreactivity in this same region, but not that for ␣5 and 4. Relatively high levels of ␣2 and ␣3 subunits were also identified in monkey cortex, in addition to ␣4 and 2. Experiments were next done to determine whether striatal subunit expression was changed with nigrostriatal damage. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment decreased ␣6 and 3 subunit immunoreactivity by ϳ80% in parallel with the dopamine transporter, suggesting that they are predominantly expressed on nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections. In contrast, ␣3, ␣4, and 2 subunit immunoreactivity was decreased ϳ50%, whereas ␣2 was not changed. These data, together with those from dual immunoprecipitation and radioligand binding studies ([ 3 H]cytisine, 125 I-␣-bungarotoxin, and 125 I-␣-conotoxin MII) suggest the following: that ␣623, ␣6␣423, and ␣32* nAChR subtypes are present on dopaminergic terminals and that the ␣42 subtype is localized on both dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neurons, whereas ␣22* and ␣7 receptors are localized on nondopaminergic cells in monkey striatum. Overall, these results suggest that drugs targeting non-␣7 nicotinic receptors may be useful in the treatment of disorders characterized by nigrostriatal dopaminergic damage, such as Parkinson's disease.Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by severe movement disability (Olanow, 2004;Samii et al., 2004). Although the underlying cause seems to be a loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, other neurotransmitter systems are also affected. This includes the cholinergic system, in which declines have been observed in several cholinergic measures, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs ABBREVIATIONS: nAChR, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; A85380, 3-(2(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine dihydrochloride; RTI-121, 3-(4-iodophenyl)tropane-2-carboxylic acid isopropyl ester; BSA, bovine serum albumin; CI, confidence interval; *, nicotinic receptors containing the indicated ␣ and/or  subunit and also additional undefined subunits.