Localization of tetrodotoxin in the skin of a brackishwater puffer Tetraodon steindachneri on the basis of immunohistological study

Tanu, Mohosena Begum; Mahmud, Yahia; Takatani, Tomohiro; Kawatsu, Kentaro; Hamano, Yonekazu; Arakawa, Osamu; Noguchi, Tamao

doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(01)00179-9

Cited by 44 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…By knowing the inter-or intra-tissue distribution of TTX, it is possible to estimate the functions of TTX in these organisms. For example, marine pufferfish (Table 1) and flatworms [9,120] retain high toxicity in their eggs, and pufferfish and newts are equipped with TTX-secreting glands or cells in their skin [38][39][40]121], suggesting that TTX is present as a defensive substance to protect their eggs or themselves from external enemies. In this context, we recently found that the immunity of cultured pufferfish is significantly activated when they are reared with TTX-containing diets [122], though the mechanism remains to be clarified.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our recent immunohistochemical investigations using a monoclonal anti-TTX antibody clarified the intratissue microdistribution of TTX in the skin and ovary of TTX-bearing pufferfish [38][39][40]. Speciesspecificity was also recognized in the microdistribution, i.e., TTX was localized in the nucleus, yolk vesicles, and yolk granules of oocytes in the ovary of the marine species T. vermicularis, whereas it was detected in the connective tissues and nucleus of some oocytes in C. patoca [39].…”

Section: Distribution Of Ttx In Pufferfish Bodiesmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Speciesspecificity was also recognized in the microdistribution, i.e., TTX was localized in the nucleus, yolk vesicles, and yolk granules of oocytes in the ovary of the marine species T. vermicularis, whereas it was detected in the connective tissues and nucleus of some oocytes in C. patoca [39]. TTX-bearing glands were observed in the skin of T. vermicularis, and TTX-bearing secretory cells (succiform cells) were observed in brackish water species such as C. patoca, T. steindachneri, and T. nigroviridis [38][39][40].…”

Section: Distribution Of Ttx In Pufferfish Bodiesmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication

Noguch

Arakawa

2008

Marine Drugs

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Many pufferfish of the family Tetraodontidae possess a potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin (TTX). In marine pufferfish species, toxicity is generally high in the liver and ovary, whereas in brackish water and freshwater species, toxicity is higher in the skin. In 1964, the toxin of the California newt was identified as TTX as well, and since then TTX has been detected in a variety of other organisms. TTX is produced primarily by marine bacteria, and pufferfish accumulate TTX via the food chain that begins with these bacteria. Consequently, pufferfish become non-toxic when they are fed TTX-free diets in an environment in which the invasion of TTX-bearing organisms is completely shut off. Although some researchers claim that the TTX of amphibians is endogenous, we believe that it also has an exogenous origin, i.e., from organisms consumed as food. TTX-bearing animals are equipped with a high tolerance to TTX, and thus retain or accumulate TTX possibly as a biologic defense substance. There have been many cases of human intoxication due to the ingestion of TTX-bearing pufferfish, mainly in Japan, China, and Taiwan, and several victims have died. Several cases of TTX intoxication due to the ingestion of small gastropods, including some lethal cases, were recently reported in China and Taiwan, revealing a serious public health issue.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Distribution Of Ttx In Pufferfish Bodiesmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Distribution Of Ttx In Pufferfish Bodiesmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication

Noguch

Arakawa

2008

Marine Drugs

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“…On the other hand, we tried to clarify whether TTX is localized in the skin gland of pufferfish or not by an immunohistochemical technique (Mahmud et al 2003a, b;Tanu et al 2002). Skin sections (3 mm in thickness) prepared according to conventional histological procedure were treated successively with 10% H 2 O 2 in distilled water and 25% goat serum in 0.01 mol/l PBS, and then incubated with monoclonal anti-TTX antibody (Kawatsu et al 1997), followed by a polymer, Envision+ for 50 min.…”

Section: -1 Defense Against Predatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxins of Pufferfish—Distribution, Accumulation　Mechanism, and Physiologic Functions

Arakawa¹,

Takatani²,

Taniyama³

et al. 2017

Aqua-BioSci. Monogr. (ABSM)

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Keywordsunit) is defined as the amount of toxin required to kill a 20-g male mouse within 30 min after intraperitoneal administration], and the minimum lethal dose (MLD) for humans is estimated to be approximately 10000 MU (ª2 mg) (Noguchi and Ebesu 2001).The main symptoms of human intoxication include numbness of lips, tongue and the limbs, paresthesia, dysarthria, respiratory distress, and death is caused by respiratory failure in the most critical cases (Noguchi and Ebesu 2001). According to Toda et al. (2012), 651 incidents of TTX poisoning due to pufferfish have occurred in Japan, involving 976 patients and 56 deaths during the 22 years from 1989 to 2010. Many cases occurred during the winter season in coastal prefectures of the Seto Inland Sea, with "komonfugu" Takifugu poecilonotus, "mafugu" Takifugu porphyreus, "higanfugu" Takifugu pardalis, "shosaifugu" Takifugu Abstract Our many years of studies have provided a lot of information regarding distribution, accumulation mechanism, and physiologic functions of the natural toxins harbored by pufferfish. We detected tetrodotoxin (TTX) and/or its derivatives in several species of aquatic organisms including marine bacteria. This, along with the fact that pufferfish became non-toxic when they were reared with non-toxic feed, indicated that the toxification of pufferfish is of exogenous origin. Subsequently, we revealed by various TTX administration experiments using non-toxic cultured pufferfish that the TTX administered into the muscle or digestive tract rapidly transferred to the liver and skin, and that the toxin transfer to the gonads was largely different between male and female, suggesting the involvement of maturation in the internal kinetics of TTX. On the other hand, we visualized micro-distribution of TTX in the tissues of various TTX-bearing organisms using an immunohistochemical technique, giving a crucial insight to elucidate physiologic functions of TTX including the function as a defensive or offensive agent. Furthermore, we found that Southeast Asian freshwater pufferfish possess paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) as a main toxin, and that boxfish and Bangladeshi freshwater pufferfish bear a palytoxin (PLTX)-like toxin, and cause a rhabdomyolysis, which overturned the common sense that pufferfish toxin equals TTX.

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“…The intracellular distribution of TTX in different pufferfish species were performed earlier. [14][15][16] Various methods were employed in locating TTX at the intracellular levels and they are HPLC, LC-FABMS, and monoclonal antibody based immunoenzymatic and immunohistological methods. Takifugu oblongus is a species of pufferfish which is available along the Indian coasts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sub-cellular localization of Tetrodotoxin in the Tissues of the Pufferfish Takifugu Oblongus

Indumathi¹,

Khora²

2017

IJPER

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Objective: The prime objective of this study is to determine the origin of Tetrodotoxin in the pufferfish Takifugu oblongus. Methods: Ultracentrifugation was performed to separate the tissues into various cellular fractions. Mouse bioassay was done to analyse the toxicity of different fractions from skin, liver and ovary of T. oblongus. The toxic fractions were subjected to HPLC-UV detection, to detect the presence of tetrodotoxin and quantify it. Results: Cytosolic fractions of skin, liver and ovary were extremely toxic and the presence of tetrodotoxin was proved on comparison with the retention time of standard toxin. Conclusions: These results suggest that the origin of tetrodotoxin could be endogenous or biosynthesized by the pufferfishes themselves. Clarifying the contradictions about the origins of TTX in puffers would allow researchers to accurately identify its role and toxicogenesis of the organisms which possess tetrodotoxin.

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Localization of tetrodotoxin in the skin of a brackishwater puffer Tetraodon steindachneri on the basis of immunohistological study

Cited by 44 publications

References 10 publications

Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication

Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication

Toxins of Pufferfish—Distribution, Accumulation　Mechanism, and Physiologic Functions

Sub-cellular localization of Tetrodotoxin in the Tissues of the Pufferfish Takifugu Oblongus

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Localization of tetrodotoxin in the skin of a brackishwater puffer Tetraodon steindachneri on the basis of immunohistological study

Cited by 44 publications

References 10 publications

Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication

Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication

Toxins of Pufferfish—Distribution, Accumulation Mechanism, and Physiologic Functions

Sub-cellular localization of Tetrodotoxin in the Tissues of the Pufferfish Takifugu Oblongus

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Toxins of Pufferfish—Distribution, Accumulation　Mechanism, and Physiologic Functions