Localization of the cutaneus trunci muscle reflex in horses

Essig, Cynthia M.; Merritt, Jonathan S.; Stubbs, N. C.; Clayton, Hilary M.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.74.11.1428

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In a study in horses, it was observed that the maximal contractile response of the PC to cutaneous stimuli was detected in areas where the cutaneous trunci muscle was thicker and the skin was more mobile (Essig et al. ).…”

Section: Does the Pc Form Part Of The Functional Skin Unit? Role In Dmentioning

confidence: 59%

The panniculus carnosus muscle: an evolutionary enigma at the intersection of distinct research fields

et al. 2018

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The panniculus carnosus is a thin striated muscular layer intimately attached to the skin and fascia of most mammals, where it provides skin twitching and contraction functions. In humans, the panniculus carnosus is conserved at sparse anatomical locations with high interindividual variability, and it is considered of no functional significance (most possibly being a remnant of evolution). Diverse research fields (such as anatomy, dermatology, myology, neuroscience, surgery, veterinary science) use this unique muscle as a model, but several unknowns and misconceptions remain in the literature. In this article, we review what is currently known about panniculus carnosus structure, development, anatomical location, response to environmental stimuli and potential function(s), with the aim of putting together the evidence arising from the different research communities and raising interest in this unique muscle, which we postulate as an ideal model for both vascular and muscular research.

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Section: Does the Pc Form Part Of The Functional Skin Unit? Role In Dmentioning

confidence: 59%

The panniculus carnosus muscle: an evolutionary enigma at the intersection of distinct research fields

et al. 2018

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“…Based on the findings of the non‐fatigable panniculus reflex in the horse (Essig et al. ), and the muscle being a part of the lateral myofascial kinetic line (Elbrønd & Schultz, ), and the recent morphological and topographical findings, we suggest that the muscle takes part in stabilization of the trunk at fast speed such as trot and canter.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…; Essig et al. ). Based on the findings of the non‐fatigable panniculus reflex in the horse (Essig et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Musculus cutaneus trunci was present within the layers of the SF in both the horse and the dog. The general perception of the m. cutaneus trunci is to cause the skin to shiver, the panniculus reflex, but recent equine studies suggest that the equine m. cutaneus trunci might also play a role in response to pain and hypersensitivity of the horse 0 s back to a rider and saddle (van Iwaarden et al 2012;Essig et al 2013). Based on the findings of the non-fatigable panniculus reflex in the horse (Essig et al 2013), and the muscle being a part of the lateral myofascial kinetic line (Elbrønd & Schultz, 2015), and the recent morphological and topographical findings, we suggest that the muscle takes part in stabilization of the trunk at fast speed such as trot and canter.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparative multi‐site and whole‐body assessment of fascia in the horse and dog: a detailed histological investigation

Ahmed

Kulikowska²,

Ahlmann

et al. 2019

Journal of Anatomy

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Fascia in the veterinary sciences is drawing attention, such that physiotherapists and animal practitioners are now applying techniques based on the concept of fascia studies in humans. A comprehensive study of fascia is therefore needed in animals to understand the arrangement of the fascial layers in an unguligrade horse and a digitigrade dog. This study has examined the difference between the horse and the dog fascia at specific regions, in terms of histology, and has compared it with the human model. Histological examinations show that in general the fascia tissue of the horse exhibits a tight and dense composition, while in the dog it is looser and has non-dense structure. Indeed, equine fascia appears to be different from both canine fascia and the human fascia model, whilst canine fascia is very comparable to the human model. Although regional variations were observed, the superficial fascia (fascia superficialis) in the horse was found to be trilaminar in the trunk, yet multilayered in the dog. Moreover, crimping of collagen fibers was more visible in the horse than the dog. Blood vessels and nerves were present in the loose areolar tissue of the superficial and the profound compartment of hypodermis. The deep fascia (fascia profunda) in the horse was thick and tightly attached to the underlying muscle, while in the dog the deep fascia was thin and loosely attached to underlying structures. Superficial and deep fascia fused in the extremities. In conclusion, gross dissection and histology have revealed species variations that are related to the absence or presence of the superficial adipose tissue, the retinacula cutis superficialis, the localization and amount of elastic fibers, as well as the ability to slide and glide between the different layers. Further research is now needed to understand in more detail whether these differences have an influence on the biomechanics, movements and proprioception of these animals.

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“…The m. cutaneous trunci attaches between the skin and fascia, covering the thoracic walls and unites with mm. pectorals, latissimus dorsi and teres major through fascial bands [49,50]. As m. cutaneous trunci responses to tactile stimulation of the skin [49] kinesiotape may be a method to consider when trying to activate the abdominal muscles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Kinesiotape on Flexion-Extension of the Thoracolumbar Back in Horses at Trot

Ericson¹,

Stenfeldt²,

Hardeman

et al. 2020

Animals

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Kinesiotape theoretically stimulates mechanoreceptive and proprioceptive sensory pathways that in turn may modulate the neuromuscular activity and locomotor function, so alteration of activation, locomotion and/or range of motion (ROM) can be achieved. The aim of this study was to determine whether kinesiotape applied to the abdominal muscles would affect the ROM in flexion-extension (sagittal plane) in the thoracolumbar back of horses at trot. The study design was a paired experimental study, with convenient sample. Each horse was randomly placed in the control or the intervention group and then the order reversed. Eight horses trotted at their own preferred speed in hand on a straight line, 2 × 30 m. Optical motion capture was used to collect kinematic data. Paired t-tests, normality tests and 1-Sample Wilcoxon test were used to assess the effects of the kinesiotape. No statistical significance (p < 0.05) for changes in flexion-extension of the thoracolumbar back in trot was shown in this group of horses. Some changes were shown indicating individual movement strategies in response to stimuli from the kinesiotape. More research in this popular and clinically used method is needed to fully understand the reacting mechanisms in horses.

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Localization of the cutaneus trunci muscle reflex in horses

Abstract: Findings of this study may have implications for assessment of nerve conduction velocities of the cutaneus trunci muscle reflex and may enhance understanding of the responses of horses to placement of tack or other equipment on skin over the cutaneus trunci muscles.

Cited by 7 publications

References 8 publications

The panniculus carnosus muscle: an evolutionary enigma at the intersection of distinct research fields

The panniculus carnosus muscle: an evolutionary enigma at the intersection of distinct research fields

A comparative multi‐site and whole‐body assessment of fascia in the horse and dog: a detailed histological investigation

The Effect of Kinesiotape on Flexion-Extension of the Thoracolumbar Back in Horses at Trot

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