Localization of the Serotonin Transporter in the Dog Intestine and Comparison to the Rat and Human Intestines

Chiocchetti, Roberto; Galiazzo, Giorgia; Giancola, Fiorella; Tagliavia, Claudio; Bernardini, Chiara; Forni, Monica; Pietra, Marco

doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.802479

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(112 reference statements)

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“…In agreement with Roberto Chiocchetti (2022), we hypothesize that the presence of serotonin in the cytoplasm of goblet cells may be due to specialized serotonin transporter (SERT) present in the goblet cells [53]. SERT is expressed by a variety of mucosal immune cells, including macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, dendritic cells [54], and intestinal epithelial cells, such as enterocytes [13,[55][56][57] and goblet cells [53]. Serotonin transporter phosphorylated is internalized and its expression can be altered in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [13,[57][58][59][60].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…In this study, we demonstrated, for the first time, the presence of 5-HT in goblet cells cytoplasm of control samples, whereas the positivity to serotonin was few or absent in CD patients' epithelial goblet cells. In agreement with Roberto Chiocchetti (2022), we hypothesize that the presence of serotonin in the cytoplasm of goblet cells may be due to specialized serotonin transporter (SERT) present in the goblet cells [53]. SERT is expressed by a variety of mucosal immune cells, including macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, dendritic cells [54], and intestinal epithelial cells, such as enterocytes [13,[55][56][57] and goblet cells [53].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

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Role of Serotonin in the Maintenance of Inflammatory State in Crohn’s Disease

et al. 2022

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Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic intestinal inflammation considered to be a major entity of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), affecting different segments of the whole gastrointestinal tract. Peripheral serotonin (5-HT), a bioactive amine predominantly produced by gut enterochromaffin cells (ECs), is crucial in gastrointestinal functions, including motility, sensitivity, secretion, and the inflammatory response. These actions are mediated by a large family of serotonin receptors and specialized serotonin transporter (SERT) located on a variety of cell types in the gut. Several studies indicate that intestinal 5-HT signaling is altered in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Paraformaldehyde-fixed intestinal tissues, obtained from fifteen patients with Crohn’s disease were analyzed by immunostaining for serotonin, Langerin/CD207, and alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA). As controls, unaffected (normal) intestinal specimens of seven individuals were investigated. This study aimed to show the expression of serotonin in dendritic cells (DCs) and myofibroblast which have been characterized with Langerin/CD207 and α-SMA, respectively; furthermore, for the first time, we have found the presence of serotonin in goblet cells. Our results show the correlation between different types of intestinal cells in the maintenance of the inflammatory state in CD linked to the recall of myofibroblasts.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Role of Serotonin in the Maintenance of Inflammatory State in Crohn’s Disease

et al. 2022

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“…SERT expression is much higher in the small intestine than in the colon, In the intestinal epithelial cells, SERT is detected in the cytoplasm, being more concentrated in the upper portions of cells, but also was visible in the intracellular compartments, close to the basolateral membrane. Thus, SERT on the tips of the enterocytes makes luminal 5-HT uptake possible while its basolateral expression suggests 5-HT reuptake from the lamina propria [ 14 ]. Here, we have observed that TLR9 activation decreases SERT activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal serotonergic system is modulated by Toll-like receptor 9

et al. 2022

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Intestinal serotonergic system is a key modulator of intestinal homeostasis; however, its regulation is still unclear. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), an innate immune receptor, detects different external agents in the intestine, preserving intestinal integrity. Since little is known about TLR9 role in the intestine, our aim was to address the potential regulation between TLR9 and intestinal serotonergic system. Caco-2/TC7 cell line and intestinal tract of Tlr9−/− mice were used in this study. Serotonin uptake studies were performed, and molecular expression of different serotonergic components was analyzed by western blot and real-time PCR. Our results show that TLR9 activation inhibits serotonin transporter activity and expression, involving p38/MAPK and ERK/MAPK intracellular pathways, and reciprocally, serotonin increases TLR9 expression. Supporting this interaction, serotonin transporter, serotonin receptors and serotonin producer enzymes were found altered in intestinal tract of Tlr9−/− mice. We conclude that TLR9 could contribute to intestinal homeostasis by modulation of intestinal serotonergic system.

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“…These mammals, just like all other animals, cannot form de novo the carbon skeletons of Cys, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Tyr, and Val, but can convert Phe into Tyr, Met into Cys, and Trp to serotonin (Wu 2022). Some metabolites of tyrosine (melanins) are crucial for the color of hair and skin health (Anderson et al 2002;Biourge and Sergheraert 2002;Yu et al 2001), whereas serotonin regulates animal behavior (Landsberg et al 2017) and intestinal function (Chiocchetti et al 2021). In addition, these two animal species, young or adult, are not capable of synthesizing sufficient arginine from glutamine/glutamate and proline (Burns et al 1981;Czarnecki and Baker 1984;Weber et al 1977;Yu et al 1996).…”

Section: Overview Of Protein and Aa Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Nutrition and Metabolism in Dogs and Cats

Li,

2024

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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Domestic dogsand cats have evolved differentially in some aspects of nutrition, metabolism, chemical sensing, and feedingbehavior. The dogs have adapted to omnivorous dietscontaining taurine-abundant meat and starch-rich plant ingredients. By contrast, domestic catsmust consumeanimal-sourced foodsfor survival, growth, and development. Both dogsand catssynthesize vitamin C and many amino acids (AAs, such as alanine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, and serine), but have a limited ability to form de novo arginineand vitamin D3. Compared with dogs, cats have greater endogenousnitrogen losses and higher dietary requirements for AAs (particularly arginine, taurine, and tyrosine), B-complex vitamins (niacin, thiamin, folate, and biotin), and choline; exhibit greater rates of gluconeogenesis; are less sensitive to AA imbalances and antagonism; are more capable of concentrating urine through renal reabsorption of water; and cannot tolerate high levels of dietary starch due to limited pancreatic α-amylase activity. In addition, dogs can form sufficient taurinefrom cysteine(for most breeds); arachidonic acidfrom linoleic acid; eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from α-linolenic acid; all-trans-retinol from β-carotene; and niacinfrom tryptophan. These synthetic pathways, however, are either absent or limited in all cats due to (a) no or low activities of key enzymes (including pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase, cysteinedioxygenase, ∆6-desaturase, β-carotene dioxygenase, and quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase) and (b) diversion of intermediates to other metabolic pathways. Dogs can thrive on one large meal daily, select high-fat over low-fat diets, and consume sweet substances. By contrast, cats eat more frequently during light and dark periods, select high-protein over low-protein diets, refuse dryfood, enjoy a consistent diet, and cannot taste sweetness. This knowledge guides the feeding and care of dogsand cats, as well as the manufacturing of their foods. As abundant sources of essentialnutrients, animal-derivedfoodstuffs play important roles in optimizing the growth, development, and health of the companionanimals.

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Localization of the Serotonin Transporter in the Dog Intestine and Comparison to the Rat and Human Intestines

Cited by 4 publications

References 78 publications

Role of Serotonin in the Maintenance of Inflammatory State in Crohn’s Disease

Role of Serotonin in the Maintenance of Inflammatory State in Crohn’s Disease

Intestinal serotonergic system is modulated by Toll-like receptor 9

Characteristics of Nutrition and Metabolism in Dogs and Cats

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