“…However, mastication not only involves precise sequential opening and closing jaw movements but also complex tongue movements, coordination of lip and cheek movements and, supposedly, associated oscillations of the head to facilitate the intraoral transport of food and swallowing. The latter was long assumed to occur but was not supported by scientific evidence; perhaps the closest findings suggesting an association between jaw and head movements came from studies on the neurophys-iological relationships (Manni et al, 1975;Sumino & Nozaki, 1977;Sartucci, Rossi, & Rossi, 1986;Abrahams et al, 1993;Okayasu et al, 1999) and neuroanatomical interconnections (Matsushita et al, 1981;Sumino, Nozaki & Katoh, 1981;Tellegen & Dubbeldam, 1994) between trigeminal and cervical systems. The existence of this interrelationship has been further documented in human subjects performing various functional tasks, and matters such as the modulation of jaw movements by head posture (Mohl, 1984), the activation of cervical muscles during mastication and swallowing (Davies, 1979;Ishigaki et al, 1998;Bazzotti, 1998) and clenching (Kohno, Yoshida & Kobayashi, 1988;Kohno, Kobayashi & Tsuchida, 1995;Clark et al, 1993), and the influence of jaw position on the neck muscles' electromyographic activity (Sekimoto et al, 1999) have become clear now.…”