Location of the proanthocyanidins in the barley grain

Aastrup, Sten; Outtrup, Henrik; Erdal, Kenneth

doi:10.1007/bf02913969

Cited by 84 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Surprisingly, the seed of tt2-2 harbored a buffcolored seed coat (Figure 2A), which clearly differed from the golden yellow seed of the three other tt2 mutant alleles. Using a vanillin test, which stains proanthocyanidins as well as the catechin and leucoanthocyanidin precursors dark red in wild-type seed (Aastrup et al, 1984) (Figure 2E), we confirmed the presence of a very small amount of these products in immature seed of tt2-2 ( Figure 2G). Conversely, no red stain appeared in tt2-3 seed ( Figure 2F).…”

mentioning

confidence: 52%

“…The vanillin test (Aastrup et al, 1984) was performed by direct incubation of immature siliques or root samples in a freshly prepared solution of 1% (w/v) vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde; Sigma) in 6 N HCl for 30 min at room temperature. Under acidic conditions, vanillin turns red upon binding to flavan-3,4-diols (leucoanthocyanidins) and flavan-3-ol (catechins), which are present as monomers or as terminal subunits of proanthocyanidins (Deshpande et al, 1986).…”

Section: Histological Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Arabidopsis TT2 Gene Encodes an R2R3 MYB Domain Protein That Acts as a Key Determinant for Proanthocyanidin Accumulation in Developing Seed

Nési¹

2001

The Plant Cell Online

297

389

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In Arabidopsis, proanthocyanidins specifically accumulate in the endothelium during early seed development. At least three TRANSPARENT TESTA ( TT ) genes, TT2 , TT8 , and TTG1 , are necessary for the normal expression of several flavonoid structural genes in immature seed, such as DIHYDROFLAVONOL-4-REDUCTASE and BANYULS ( BAN ). TT8 and TTG1 were characterized recently and found to code for a basic helix-loop-helix domain transcription factor and a WDrepeat-containing protein, respectively. Here the molecular cloning of the TT2 gene was achieved by T-DNA tagging. TT2 encoded an R2R3 MYB domain protein with high similarity to the rice OsMYB3 protein and the maize COLORLESS1 factor. A TT2-green fluorescent protein fusion protein was located mostly in the nucleus, in agreement with the regulatory function of the native TT2 protein. TT2 expression was restricted to the seed during early embryogenesis, consistent with BAN expression and the proanthocyanidin deposition profile. Finally, in gain-of-function experiments, TT2 was able to induce ectopic expression of BAN in young seedlings and roots in the presence of a functional TT8 protein. Therefore, our results strongly suggest that stringent spatial and temporal BAN expression, and thus proanthocyanidin accumulation, are determined at least partially by TT2. INTRODUCTIONFlavonoids are secondary metabolites that are unique to higher plants. They are well known for the red, purple, and brown pigmentation they give to flowers, fruit, and seed. Flavonoids fulfill numerous physiological functions during plant life and also serve as beneficial micronutrients in human and animal diets (reviewed by Koes et al., 1994;Shirley, 1996;Mol et al., 1998;Harborne and Williams, 2000). Arabidopsis contains three major classes of flavonoids: the anthocyanins (red to purple pigments), the flavonols (colorless to pale yellow pigments), and the proanthocyanidins (colorless pigments that turn to brown), which also are known as condensed tannins (Figure 1). Anthocyanins and flavonols are synthesized in vegetative parts, whereas flavonols and proanthocyanidins accumulate in seed (Chapple et al., 1994).As shown in Figure 1, the different flavonoid subpathways share common initial biosynthetic steps, including synthesis of naringenin chalcone by chalcone synthase (CHS), conversion of naringenin chalcone to naringenin by chalcone isomerase (CHI), and subsequent hydroxylations of naringenin by flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) and flavonoid 3 Ј -hydroxylase (F3 Ј H). Genetic and molecular study of flavonoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis has revealed that the CHS, CHI, F3H, and F3 Ј H enzymes are encoded by the TRANSPAR-ENT TESTA4 ( TT4 ), TT5 , TT6 , and TT7 genes, respectively (Shirley et al., , 1995Wisman et al., 1998;Schoenbohm et al., 2000). Then, an NADPH-dependent dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR), encoded by the TT3 gene in Arabidopsis , leads to the production of flavan-3,4-diols (leucoanthocyanidins), which are the last common intermediates in anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis. Leu...

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confidence: 52%

Section: Histological Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Arabidopsis TT2 Gene Encodes an R2R3 MYB Domain Protein That Acts as a Key Determinant for Proanthocyanidin Accumulation in Developing Seed

Nési¹

2001

The Plant Cell Online

297

389

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“…Ovules and seeds were dissected from pistils and siliques, respectively, and incubated in an acidic solution (6 N HCl) of 1% (w/v) vanillin (Sigma-Aldrich) at room temperature (Aastrup et al, 1984). Vanillin reacts in the presence of PAs that specifically accumulate in the endothelium layer of the seed coat, generating a red product (Debeaujon et al, 2003).…”

Section: Whole-mount Staining For Detection Of Pasmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Female Gametophyte and the Endosperm Control Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Seed Coat inArabidopsis

2006

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Double fertilization of the female gametophyte produces the endosperm and the embryo enclosed in the maternal seed coat. Proper seed communication necessitates exchanges of signals between the zygotic and maternal components of the seed. However, the nature of these interactions remains largely unknown. We show that double fertilization of the Arabidopsis thaliana female gametophyte rapidly triggers sustained cell proliferation in the seed coat. Cell proliferation and differentiation of the seed coat occur in autonomous seeds produced in the absence of fertilization of the multicopy suppressor of ira1 (msi1) mutant. As msi1 autonomous seeds mostly contain autonomous endosperm, our results indicate that the developing endosperm is sufficient to enhance cell proliferation and differentiation in the seed coat. We analyze the effect of autonomous proliferation in the retinoblastoma-related1 (rbr1) female gametophyte on seed coat development. In contrast with msi1, supernumerary nuclei in rbr1 female gametophytes originate mainly from the endosperm precursor lineage but do not express an endosperm fate marker. In addition, defects of the rbr1 female gametophyte also reduce cell proliferation in the ovule integuments before fertilization and prevent further differentiation of the seed coat. Our data suggest that coordinated development of the seed components relies on interactions before fertilization between the female gametophyte and the surrounding maternal ovule integuments and after fertilization between the endosperm and the seed coat.

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“…Recently, many elite barley cultivars with high pearling quality such as Syunrai (Kuwabara et al 1994), Ichibanboshi (Ito et al 1995), Nishinohoshi (Sasaki et al 1999) and Fiber-Snow (Ushiyama et al 2004) have been bred in Japan; however, no food barley cultivar without after-cooking discoloration has been bred anywhere in the world including Japan. Barley grains contain numerous polyphenolic compounds including catechin and proanthocyanidin in the husks, pericarp, testa and aleurone layers (Aastrup et al 1984, Nordkvist et al 1984. Oxidation of phenolic compounds to o-quinones causes discoloration in food (Sapers 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breeding of a new food barley cultivar "Shiratae Nijo" exhibiting no after-cooking discoloration

et al. 2010

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Shiratae Nijo is a new two-rowed food barley cultivar bred at the National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region (KONARC) in collaboration with the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) and released in 2009. Shiratae Nijo is a proanthocyanidin-free cultivar bred by backcross breeding using a leading cultivar Nishinohoshi as a recurrent parent and a foreign proanthocyanidin-free mutant ant28-494 as a nonrecurrent parent. The agronomic characteristics of Shiratae Nijo are almost the same as those of Nishinohoshi which has high yield performance and high resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) type I and powdery mildew. Like Nishinohoshi, Shiratae Nijo shows high resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) at the anthesis stage but is susceptible 10 days after anthesis. Shiratae Nijo exhibits significantly weaker seed dormancy than Nishinohoshi. Shiratae Nijo has excellent pearling quality, and the pearled grains show no discoloration and high whiteness after cooking because of the lack of catechin and proanthocyanidin in the grains.

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Location of the proanthocyanidins in the barley grain

Cited by 84 publications

References 8 publications

The Arabidopsis TT2 Gene Encodes an R2R3 MYB Domain Protein That Acts as a Key Determinant for Proanthocyanidin Accumulation in Developing Seed

The Arabidopsis TT2 Gene Encodes an R2R3 MYB Domain Protein That Acts as a Key Determinant for Proanthocyanidin Accumulation in Developing Seed

The Female Gametophyte and the Endosperm Control Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Seed Coat inArabidopsis

Breeding of a new food barley cultivar "Shiratae Nijo" exhibiting no after-cooking discoloration

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