Locomotor-Related Networks in the Lumbosacral Enlargement of the Adult Spinal Cat: Activation Through Intraspinal Microstimulation

Guevremont, Lisa; Renzi, Chiara; Norton, Jonathan; Kowalczewski, Jan; Saigal, R. P.; Mushahwar, Vivian K.

doi:10.1109/tnsre.2006.881592

Cited by 55 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…CPGs resembles recent reports demonstrating the involvement of short projecting propriospinal neurons in the descending control of the pattern generating circuitry (Cowley et al, 2008), their role as alternative communication pathways following traumatic spinal cord injuries (Guevremont et al, 2006;Courtine et al, 2008) and their potential involvement in functional recovery from spinal cord injuries (Yakovenko et al, 2007;Edgerton and Roy, 2009) and in developing neural repair strategies such as microstimulation of selected regions of the spinal cord (for review, see Bizzi et al, 2008).…”

supporting

confidence: 68%

Long and Short Multifunicular Projections of Sacral Neurons Are Activated by Sensory Input to Produce Locomotor Activity in the Absence of Supraspinal Control

Etlin¹,

Blivis²,

Ben-Zwi³

et al. 2010

J. Neurosci.

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Afferent input from load and joint receptors has been shown to reactivate the central pattern generators for locomotion (CPGs) in spinal cord injury patients and thereby improve their motor function and mobility. Elucidation of the pathways interposed between the afferents and CPGs is critical for the determination of the capacity of sensory input to activate the CPGs when the continuity of the white matter tracts is impaired following spinal cord injury. Using electrophysiological recordings, confocal imaging studies of spinal neurons and surgical manipulations of the white matter, we show that the capacity of sacrocaudal afferent (SCA) input to produce locomotor activity in isolated rat spinal cords depends not only on long ascending pathways, but also on recruitment of sacral proprioneurons interposed between the second order neurons and the hindlimb CPGs. We argue that large heterogeneous populations of second-order and proprioneurons whose crossed and uncrossed axons project rostrally through the ventral, ventrolateral/lateral and dorsolateral white matter funiculi contribute to the generation of the rhythm by the stimulated sacrocaudal input. The complex organization and multiple projection patterns of these populations enable the sacrocaudal afferent input to activate the CPGs even if the white matter pathways are severely damaged. Further studies are required to clarify the mechanisms involved in SCA-induced locomotor activity and assess its potential use for the rescue of lost motor functions after spinal cord injury.

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supporting

confidence: 68%

Long and Short Multifunicular Projections of Sacral Neurons Are Activated by Sensory Input to Produce Locomotor Activity in the Absence of Supraspinal Control

Etlin¹,

Blivis²,

Ben-Zwi³

et al. 2010

J. Neurosci.

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“…In interpreting the different results it is important to recognize that the L4 spinal level in cats corresponds to the L2 spinal level in humans and rats, i.e., the spinal level most responsive to ES for inducing locomotor-like activity. A plausible explanation for inducing stepping movements in response to ES of the caudal lumbosacral segments may be due to the activation of rostral segments through the projection of propriospinal neurons (Shik, 1997;Guevremont et al, 2006).…”

Section: Site Of Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidural stimulation: Comparison of the spinal circuits that generate and control locomotion in rats, cats and humans

Gerasimenko

Roy

Edgerton

2008

Experimental Neurology

162

108

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Although epidural stimulation is a technique that has been used for a number of years to treat individuals with a spinal cord injury, the intended outcome has been to suppress plasticity and pain. Over the last decade considerable progress has been made in realizing the potential of epidural stimulation to facilitate posture and locomotion in subjects with severe spinal cord injury who lack the ability to stand or to step. This progress has resulted primarily from experiments with mice, rats and cats having a complete spinal cord transection at a mid-thoracic level and in humans with a complete spinal cord injury. This review describes some of these experiments performed after the complete elimination of supraspinal input that demonstrate that the circuitry necessary to control remarkably normal locomotion appears to reside within the lumbosacral region of the spinal cord. These experiments, however, also demonstrate the essential role of processing proprioceptive information associated with weight-bearing stepping or standing by the spinal circuitry. For example, relatively simple tonic signals provided to the dorsum of the spinal cord epidurally can result in complex and highly adaptive locomotor patterns. Experiments emphasizing a significant complementary effect of epidural stimulation when combined with pharmacological facilitation, e.g., serotonergic agonists, and/or chronic step training also are described. Finally, a major point emphasized in this review is the striking similarity of the lumbosacral circuitry controlling locomotion in the rat and in the human.

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“…5a, 7a and 9a the an equivalent manner, the results of the paper can be used for the assistance and rehabilitation of the human motion. Indicative results on the use of Central Patterns Generators for coordination of the motion of human joints in limbs or in controlling spinal cord locomotion can be found in Amini et al (2005); Guevremont et al (2006); Noble et al (2011);Simoni and DeWeerth (2006) and Vogelstein et al (2006). The results presented in the previous sections can also find similar application in the assistance and correction of the motor functions of the human body and in the treatment of neurological diseases (e.g.…”

Section: State and Disturbances Estimation With The Derivativefree Nomentioning

confidence: 80%

Robust synchronization of coupled neural oscillators using the derivative-free nonlinear Kalman Filter

Rigatos

2014

Cogn Neurodyn

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A synchronizing control scheme for coupled neural oscillators of the FitzHugh-Nagumo type is proposed. Using differential flatness theory the dynamical model of two coupled neural oscillators is transformed into an equivalent model in the linear canonical (Brunovsky) form. A similar linearized description is succeeded using differential geometry methods and the computation of Lie derivatives. For such a model it becomes possible to design a state feedback controller that assures the synchronization of the membrane's voltage variations for the two neurons. To compensate for disturbances that affect the neurons' model as well as for parametric uncertainties and variations a disturbance observer is designed based on Kalman Filtering. This consists of implementation of the standard Kalman Filter recursion on the linearized equivalent model of the coupled neurons and computation of state and disturbance estimates using the diffeomorphism (relations about state variables transformation) provided by differential flatness theory. After estimating the disturbance terms in the neurons' model their compensation becomes possible. The performance of the synchronization control loop is tested through simulation experiments.

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Locomotor-Related Networks in the Lumbosacral Enlargement of the Adult Spinal Cat: Activation Through Intraspinal Microstimulation

Cited by 55 publications

References 26 publications

Long and Short Multifunicular Projections of Sacral Neurons Are Activated by Sensory Input to Produce Locomotor Activity in the Absence of Supraspinal Control

Long and Short Multifunicular Projections of Sacral Neurons Are Activated by Sensory Input to Produce Locomotor Activity in the Absence of Supraspinal Control

Epidural stimulation: Comparison of the spinal circuits that generate and control locomotion in rats, cats and humans

Robust synchronization of coupled neural oscillators using the derivative-free nonlinear Kalman Filter

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