“…Among the psychological variables that have often been found to be associated with higher debt are more tolerant attitudes towards debt (Lea et al, 1993), a more external locus of control (e.g. Ding, Chang & Liu, 2009;Livingstone & Lunt, 1992;Tokunaga, 1993; though contrast Lea et al1995;Wang, Chen & Wang, 2008; and, for student samples, Norvilitis, Szablicki & Wilson, 2003;Trent, Lee & Owens-Nicholson, 2006), a sense of inadequacy about money or money management (e.g. Lea et al, 1995;Stone & Maury, 2006), and excessive optimism , for the general population; Seaward & Kemp, 2000, for students).…”