Lodging Resistance in Oats<sup>1</sup>

Grafius, J. E.; Brown, H. M.

doi:10.2134/agronj1954.00021962004600090006x

Cited by 49 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Such loading conditions produce natural failure types and failure patterns in plant specimens (i.e., failure occurs at the cross-section with the least optimal allocation of structural tissue). Several devices have been recently developed which accomplish this task (Grafius and Brown, 1954; Berry et al ., 2003; Guo et al ., 2018, 2019; Erndwein et al ., 2019; Heuschele et al ., 2019). In particular, they utilize the natural anchoring of the maize roots and apply a point load to a cross-section near the ear (very similar to the loading profile shown in Figure 7).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Maize Stalks Efficiently Tapered to Withstand Wind Induced Bending Stresses?

Stubbs

Seegmiller

Sekhon

et al. 2020

Preprint

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structural 19 Highlight: Maize stem morphology was investigated through an optimization algorithm to 20 determine how efficiently their structural tissues are allocated to withstand wind induced bending 21 stresses that cause stalk lodging.Abstract 24 Stalk lodging (breaking of agricultural plant stalks prior to harvest) results in millions of 25 dollars in lost revenue each year. Despite a growing body of literature on the topic of stalk lodging, 26the structural efficiency of maize stalks has not been investigated previously. In this study, we 27 investigate the morphology of mature maize stalks to determine if rind tissues, which are the major 28 load bearing component of corn stalks, are efficiently organized to withstand wind induced 29 bending stresses that cause stalk lodging. 30 945 fully mature, dried commercial hybrid maize stem specimens (48 hybrids, ~2 31 replicates, ~10 samples per plot) were subjected to: (1) three-point-bending tests to measure their 32 bending strength and (2) rind penetration tests to measure the cross-sectional morphology at each 33 internode. The data were analyzed through an engineering optimization algorithm to determine the 34 structural efficiency of the specimens. 35Hybrids with higher average bending strengths were found to allocate rind tissue more 36 efficiently than weaker hybrids. However, even strong hybrids were structurally suboptimal. 37There remains significant room for improving the structural efficiency of maize stalks. Results 38 also indicated that stalks are morphologically organized to resist wind loading that occurs primarily 39 above the ear. Results are applicable to selective breeding and crop management studies seeking 40 to reduce stalk lodging rates. 41 65 to devote to grain filling as compared to inefficient stalks (i.e., efficient stalks would have a higher 66 harvest index). 67As mentioned previously, both the taper and probable wind loading scenarios must be 68 defined to determine the structural efficiency of maize stalks. The wind load exerted on a plant 69 stalk, known as the drag force (Df), can be approximated as (Niklas, 2000):where ⍴ is the density of air, u is the local wind speed, Ap is the projected area of the structure, and 72 CD is the drag coefficient. While this equation appears fairly simple at first glance, it is 73 complicated by the fact that the variables on the right hand side of the equation are functions that 74 can vary both temporally and spatially. For example, the drag coefficient changes spatially along 75 the length of the stalk and is also a function of the local wind speed. As the local wind speed 76 increases, the angle of the leaf blades and tassel change (known as flagging), which alters the drag 77 coefficient. 78The strong interrelationships between the factors of Equation 1 complicate attempts to 79 directly measure wind forces on maize stalks. Direct measurements of wind speeds have 80 successfully been used to estimate drag forces in past studies of trees (Niklas and Spatz, 1999; 81 Niklas, 2000). However, t...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Maize Stalks Efficiently Tapered to Withstand Wind Induced Bending Stresses?

Stubbs

Seegmiller

Sekhon

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Several mechanical phenotyping devices have been developed to measure stalk flexural stiffness and / or stalk bending strength [6,22,24,42,43]. A review of these devices is presented in [24].…”

Section: Mechanical Phenotyping Principlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Plant Weight on Estimations of Stalk Lodging Resistance

Stubbs

Oduntan

Keep

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Stalk lodging (breaking of agricultural plant stalks prior to harvest) is a multi-billion dollar a year problem. Stalk lodging occurs when bending moments induced by a combination of external loading (e.g. wind) and self-loading (e.g. the plant’s own weight) exceed the stalk bending strength of plant stems. Previous studies have investigated external loading and self-loading of plants as separate and independent phenomena. However, these two types of loading are highly interconnected and mutually dependent. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to investigate the combined effect of external loads and plant weight on the flexural response of plant stems, and (2) to provide a generalized framework for accounting for self-weight during mechanical phenotyping experiments used to predict stalk lodging resistance. Results: A mathematical methodology for properly accounting for the interconnected relationship between self-loading and external loading of plants stems is presented. The method was compared to numerous finite element models of plants stems and found to be highly accurate. The resulting interconnected set of equations from the derivation were used to produce user-friendly applications by presenting (1) simplified self-loading correction factors for common loading configurations of plants, and (2) a generalized Microsoft Excel framework that calculates the influence of self-loading on crop stems. Results indicate that ignoring the effects of self-loading when calculating stalk flexural stiffness is appropriate for large and stiff plants such as maize, bamboo, and sorghum. However, significant errors result when ignoring the effects of self-loading in smaller plants with larger relative grain sizes, such as rice (8% error) and wheat (16% error).Conclusions: Properly accounting for self-weight can be critical to determining the structural response of plant stems. Equations and tools provided herein enable researchers to properly account for the plant’s weight during mechanical phenotyping experiments used to determine stalk lodging resistance.

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“…To examine the lodging resistance, we used the cLrmethod (Grafius andBrown 1954, Watanabe 1985). The cLrprocedure is as follows: suspension of a thin chain from the base node of the rachis of the panicle, determination of the number of chains from the front edge to the ground and calculation of the weight of the corresponding number of chains per cm of culm length.…”

Section: Analysis Of Charactersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Ssi1 Gene Controlling dm-type Internode Elongation Pattern on Lodging Resistance and Panicle Characters in Rice

Sunohara

Miura

Xiong³

et al. 2006

Breed. Sci.

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The dm-type semi-dwarf mutant DMF-1 is controlled by the semi-dominant gene, Short second internode 1 (Ssi1), located in the region within ca. 20 cM on the long arm of chromosome 1. In order to elucidate the function this gene in relation to the lodging resistance and panicle characters in various genetic backgrounds, these agronomic characters were investigated by using DMF-1, Reimei (sd1 allele), six different F 10 lines (DML-1 to -6) with homozygous form of Ssi1, and their parents. The experimental results showed that all the dm-type lines except for DML-6 (DMF-1 × Tan-Ginbozu) whose genotype belonged to the homozygous form of both Ssi1 and d35, significantly increased the lodging resistance, compared to their respective parents. On the other hand, although DMF-1 reduced seed production because of the high ratio of appearance of hull-cracked kernels, such a negative character had been improved in DML-1 (Kinmaze × DMF-1), DML-2 (Nipponbare × DMF-1) and DML-4 (Sasanishiki × DMF-1). Principal component analysis based on fifteen panicle characters also showed that these three F 10 lines should be assigned to a group of normal cultivars. These results suggested that it is possible to develop a new semi-dwarf variety for practical use, expressing a high level of lodging resistance associated with the Ssi1 gene in various genetic backgrounds.

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Lodging Resistance in Oats¹

Cited by 49 publications

References 2 publications

Are Maize Stalks Efficiently Tapered to Withstand Wind Induced Bending Stresses?

Are Maize Stalks Efficiently Tapered to Withstand Wind Induced Bending Stresses?

The Effect of Plant Weight on Estimations of Stalk Lodging Resistance

Effects of Ssi1 Gene Controlling dm-type Internode Elongation Pattern on Lodging Resistance and Panicle Characters in Rice

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Lodging Resistance in Oats1

Cited by 49 publications

References 2 publications

Are Maize Stalks Efficiently Tapered to Withstand Wind Induced Bending Stresses?

Are Maize Stalks Efficiently Tapered to Withstand Wind Induced Bending Stresses?

The Effect of Plant Weight on Estimations of Stalk Lodging Resistance

Effects of Ssi1 Gene Controlling dm-type Internode Elongation Pattern on Lodging Resistance and Panicle Characters in Rice

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Lodging Resistance in Oats¹