Log-normal fluctuation channel model of short distance in tunnels

Hong-dang, Zheng; Huo, Yu; Zhang, Yi; Xu, Ruofeng

doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2018.12.002

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“… Significantly higher Cd and Pb for residents living near to e-waste dismantling (Zhang et al, 2019).  Children living in e-waste areas have significantly higher Pb and Cd in blood compared to non-exposed in multiple studies (Cai et al, 2019;Liu et al, 2018;Zeng et al, 2017;Zeng et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2017;Zheng et al, 2019), however inhalation is not considered a very prevalent source of exposure to children. Fang et al, 2013;Fujimori et al, 2012;Isimekhai et al, 2017;Ohajinwa et al, 2018;Tang et al, 2015;Tzoraki et al, 2019) in LIMICs and one in an HIC.…”

Section:  Results May Bementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The following reference values are applied as appropriate to the age group (Section S.4.5): ¥ exceeds reference value for blood on non-occupationally exposed Canadian child citizens (three to five years of age); ‡ exceeds reference value for blood on non-occupationally exposed Canadian child citizens (six to nineteen years of age); ***significantly (p<0.001) higher in ewaste recycling area compared to reference using independent sample t-test. or Mann-Whitney U test in the case of Zheng et al (2019) or two sample T-Test in the case of Cai et al (2019). Abbreviations: Number of samples (n).…”

Section: Human Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“… Children living in e-waste areas have significantly higher Pb and Cd in blood compared to non-exposed in multiple studies (Cai et al, 2019;Liu et al, 2018;Zeng et al, 2017;Zeng et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2017;Zheng et al, 2019).  High risk to children living in and near e-waste dismantling activities (Ackah, 2019;Fujimori et al, 2012).…”

Section: Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical processing, dismantling and hydrometallurgical treatment of e-waste: A systematic review of risks to occupational and public health

Cook¹,

Velis²,

Gerassimidou³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Across the Global South, electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) is recovered using rudimentary and often dangerous methods in informal and unregulated facilities. Although these activities provide a valuable contribution to the global circular economy, their uncontrolled nature results in a risk of potentially hazardous substance emission into the environment from where they may pose considerable risk to both occupational and public health. Here, we focus a systematic PRISMA review on two distinct groups of activities undertaken in e-waste management in low- and middle-income countries (LIMICs): (i) Physical deconstruction and reclamation, involving dismantling assemblies of items and materials to recover value; and, (ii) hydrometallurgical treatment, involving the dissolution and suspension of precious metals using solvents (cyanide) and acids (aqua regia). For comparison purposes, we consolidate information on (i) and (ii) according to the types of substances evidenced; and identify, critically assess and rank most prevalent hazard-pathway-receptor (H-P-R) risk combinations experienced by people working across the Global South. Despite the proliferation of publications, evidence to assess risk is comparatively limited. Still, we are confident to highlight the extremely hazardous nature of work undertaken, often by children, handling highly hazardous substances without protective equipment to reclaim gold and other precious metals using hydrometallurgical processes. Emissions of hazardous substances, particularly potentially toxic elements (PTEs) from physical dismantling also represent a serious risk to health. Numerous sources speculatively link concentrations in the environment (a significant risk to children who have a tendency to eat soil) to e-waste dismantling processed. However, many of the sources that identify elevated substance concentrations in environmental media face difficulties in unambiguously and convincingly linking emissions from specific activities to the environmental concentrations, i.e. establishing causality. This key limitation presents us with a challenge for designing and implementing interventions to target, control and replace such highly risky resource recovery methods. Yet, such insufficient information cannot be used as an excuse for inaction, especially as our generalized H-P-R inferences here provide for sufficient interlinkages.

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Section:  Results May Bementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Human Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical processing, dismantling and hydrometallurgical treatment of e-waste: A systematic review of risks to occupational and public health

Cook¹,

Velis²,

Gerassimidou³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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show abstract

“…Significant path loss propagation measurements have been conducted in different scenarios to study the propagation attenuation and characteristics (Igbinosa & Okpeki, 2019); (Akinbolati & Ajewole, 2020). (Zheng, Huo, Zhang, & Xu, 2018) conducted field strength measurements across 16 channels to model signal fluctuation in a tunnel that is 100 meters long. During the experiment, two CC2530 modules were used to collect 20 received signal strength values continuously at each position and averaged.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The large scale path loss models, for prediction of signal power within very long distance, are statistical in nature, and used to describe the behavior of wireless channels, due to their inherent randomness (Mitra, 2009). Many propagation models (deterministic, analytical or empirical) have been proposed, developed (Zheng, Huo, Zhang, & Xu, 2018); and used for decades to predict path losses in different environmental terrains across various frequencies (Phillips, Sicker, & Grunwal, 2013). Amongst these models, the empirical path loss models are the most widely used in practice due to their simplicity and ease of application.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-scale radio propagation path loss measurements and predictions in the VHF and UHF bands

Фарук

Abdulrasheed

Surajudeen-Bakinde

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

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Experimental measurement and SIR statistical analysis of wireless diversity reception over κ–μ fading channels

Aleksić¹,

Kovačević

Anastasov

et al. 2023

Measurement

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Log-normal fluctuation channel model of short distance in tunnels

Cited by 4 publications

References 11 publications

Physical processing, dismantling and hydrometallurgical treatment of e-waste: A systematic review of risks to occupational and public health

Physical processing, dismantling and hydrometallurgical treatment of e-waste: A systematic review of risks to occupational and public health

Large-scale radio propagation path loss measurements and predictions in the VHF and UHF bands

Experimental measurement and SIR statistical analysis of wireless diversity reception over κ–μ fading channels

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