London's Docklands: Ground Conditions and Tunnelling Methods.

Ferguson, Phoebe; Runacres, A J; Hill, Nick

doi:10.1680/iicep.1991.17391

Cited by 5 publications

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“…Engineering properties of the Upper Lambeth Group, London Clay Formation, and the Thanet Sand Formation (afterFerguson et al 1991).…”

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confidence: 99%

Geology and the London Underground

Paul¹

2009

Geology Today

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Geology as a whole is the main influence on determining the feasibility of tunnelling for underground railways, and at what cost. Favourable conditions encouraged the early development of a network, significantly alter the methods used for construction, and are what form the tunnels, in terms of horizontal and vertical alignment. Local geology is shown, by means of two cross-sections following the tunnels, to be more important than the overall regional geology, where the underlying strata exhibit pronounced variations in permeability, and so mechanical properties. Geological complexities specific to the area of tunnelling generate problems during construction, but lead to technological innovation in the long term and a better understanding of local stratigraphy. As the result of this, and the increase in the quality of preliminary surveys, we are increasingly able to tunnel in areas previously considered treacherous.Civil engineers rarely have the luxury of locating tunnels in geological formations best suited to tunnel operations. Thus the geology of an area is often a primary factor in determining development: both above ground, and more importantly for this study, below ground. 'Geology', in the broadest sense of the word, exerts a great many controls on tunnelling, both macroscopic (including mechanical properties of the rock; its lateral and vertical continuity; susceptibility to weathering; and groundwater levels), and microscopic, such as specific structural features like sinkholes. In this way the regional geology and the local geology will be dealt with separately: tunnel designers tend to study the former first, determining where routes can go, whereas the latter controls the degree of difficulty experienced when tunnelling-and what have been referred to as 'construction calamities'.

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“…Engineering properties of the Upper Lambeth Group, London Clay Formation, and the Thanet Sand Formation (afterFerguson et al 1991).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Geology and the London Underground

Paul¹

2009

Geology Today

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Groundwater control for construction in the Lambeth Group

Preene¹,

Roberts²

2002

Geotechnical Engineering

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Groundwater control for construction in the Lambeth Group

Preene¹,

Roberts²

2002

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnica

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Excavations in the Lambeth Group often encounter groundwater problems. This is related to the variable nature of the Lambeth Group soils and the presence of permeable water-bearing layers of sand, silt and gravel, where groundwater inflows can lead to instability. The permeability of the water-bearing layers can vary within a wide range. The pore water pressure and associated piezometric head in each layer can be difficult to predict, as the piezometric profile may diverge from the hydrostatic, under the influence of underdrainage from the Chalk Group and Thanet Sand Formation, which forms the lower aquifer beneath the Lambeth Group. Stability of excavations can be improved by using groundwater control techniques to reduce pore water pressures in permeable layers. Suitable methods, including active and passive pressure relief and underdrainage are discussed, and case histories presented.

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London's Docklands: Ground Conditions and Tunnelling Methods.

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Geology and the London Underground

Geology and the London Underground

Groundwater control for construction in the Lambeth Group

Groundwater control for construction in the Lambeth Group

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