Long-acting reversible contraceptives effects in abnormal uterine bleeding, a review of the physiology and management

Contraception in Women With Cardiovascular Disease

“…The nonhormonal copper IUD may increase menstrual bleeding, and patients who required antiplatelet or anticoagulant medications may experience enough blood loss to cause iron-deficiency anemia or negatively affect their quality of life. The subdermal implant is also associated with irregular bleeding patterns in a substantial portion of users . In contrast, many women using certain contraceptive methods may experience amenorrhea or substantially reduced menstrual flow.…”

“…In contrast, many women using certain contraceptive methods may experience amenorrhea or substantially reduced menstrual flow. For example, with use of the hormonal IUD, 20% experience amenorrhea at 1 year and 37% at 2 years; with depot medroxyprogesterone, 64% experience amenorrhea at 1 year and 80% at 2 years of use . Combined hormonal methods may also result in predictable and lighter bleeding …”

Nanomaterials Solutions for Contraception: Concerns, Advances, and Prospects

“…65,66 As such, the Cu-IUD increases the concentration of copper ions in cervical mucus, which inhibits the mobility of sperm as well as hinders their quality and viability in the endometrium, thus reducing the migration ability and longevity of sperm in the uterine cavity, avoiding the encounter between sperm and egg. 67 On the other hand, copper ions caused abnormalities in the mitochondrial function, resulting in increased oxidative stress and levels of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and apoptosis, ultimately leading to perturbed oocyte maturation. 68 Both mechanisms of action combine to make Cu-IUDs an effective contraceptive option.…”

“…Cu-IUDs release copper ions that serve as antifertility agents through a chemical reaction in the uterine fluid . On the one hand, studies have shown that copper ions have a pernicious effect on animal sperm and reduce sperm motility directly. , As such, the Cu-IUD increases the concentration of copper ions in cervical mucus, which inhibits the mobility of sperm as well as hinders their quality and viability in the endometrium, thus reducing the migration ability and longevity of sperm in the uterine cavity, avoiding the encounter between sperm and egg . On the other hand, copper ions caused abnormalities in the mitochondrial function, resulting in increased oxidative stress and levels of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and apoptosis, ultimately leading to perturbed oocyte maturation .…”

Uterine Artery Rupture Caused by IUD Extraction: A Case Report

“…2 Copper-containing IUDs can last 10-12 years, while levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs last between 3 and 7 years. 3 IUDs can also serve as good delivery carriers, delivering drugs precisely to the endometrium. When used as a progesterone carrier, it is effective in the treatment of endometrial cancer and abnormal uterine bleeding.…”