Long Cheng Air

Abstract

Chapter 4 details Hmong experiences in combat aviation in the Secret War. It examines the dangerous flying conditions they faced in northern Laos, where, in addition to enemy antiaircraft artillery, freak accidents claimed the lives of some pilots. Poor quality aircraft, a hazardous runway, problematic leadership at all levels, and varied skills resulted in low chances for survival for Hmong pilots. Because of their close proximity to enemy territories, pilots on active duty from 1968 to 1972 were forced to participate in combat missions daily. The chapter also presents the many problems that unfolded in the CIA’s secret city, Long Cheng. Whereas American airmen came and went on tours of duty, Hmong pilots flew until they were either killed in action or injured. Either outcome harmed their families. Injured pilots were no longer considered useful, resulting in military leaders cutting them off financially and socially.

11 Refugee Lifemaking Practices: Southeast Asian Women

“…24 Consequently, these women embraced the war because it provided them opportunities that they would not have had otherwise to improve their education and socioeconomic status-and to have fun and be financially independent. 25 The single young women's newfound independence irked elders and male peers, who charged that formal education and working among soldiers would lead the women to engage in sexual deviancy. 26 Another example of unexpected opportunities for women was the sex industry that sprang up in Saigon to serve American servicemen during the war.…”

“…25 The single young women's newfound independence irked elders and male peers, who charged that formal education and working among soldiers would lead the women to engage in sexual deviancy. 26 Another example of unexpected opportunities for women was the sex industry that sprang up in Saigon to serve American servicemen during the war. While the sex industry is replete with abusive encounters, it is important to note that some Vietnamese "bargirls" remembered the war comparatively "as the best time of their lives" 27 because it gave them unexpected freedom:…”