Long COVID, audiovestibular symptoms and persistent chemosensory dysfunction: a systematic review of the current evidence

Luca, Pietro De; Stadio, Arianna Di; Colacurcio, Vito; Marra, Pasquale; Scarpa, Alfonso; Ricciardiello, Filippo; Cassandro, Claudia; Camaioni, Angelo; Cassandro, Ettore

doi:10.14639/0392-100x-suppl.1-42-2022-10

Cited by 11 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Moreover, in those who recovered from OD, recovery happened mostly within two weeks of the onset of symptoms [19, 32]. In contrast, in the other three studies, the percentage of spontaneous recovery of olfactory symptoms was reported to be very high [27, 29, 31]. In most reviews, Age, gender, and medical comorbidities were predictors of post-COVID-19 olfactory recovery.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These patients experienced long term home-isolation, which can be associated with OD persistence. Additionally, some believe a higher viral load might lead to symptom persistence [50]. On the other hand, a systematic review of the 18 original studies reported that 33-36% of adult COVID-19 patients experienced incomplete OD recovery, and 3-13.9% suffered a lack of recovery during 12-39 days after symptoms onset [51].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ten studies examined the long-term course and recovery rate from OD [19,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. According to two studies, the majority of OD cases remained chronic, and most patients recovered incompletely within the first weeks after the elimination of other symptoms.…”

Section: Studies On Follow-up and Outcomes In Covid-19-related Od Pat...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Olfactory Dysfunction in the COVID-19 Era: An Umbrella Review Focused on Neuroimaging, Management, and Follow-up

Kalantarhormozi

Sotoudeh

Habibi

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Purpose: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is surrounded the world and is associated with multiorgan damage. Olfactory dysfunction is a common manifestation in COVID-19 patients, and in some cases, presents before the coryza signs. We conducted this umbrella review to provide a practical guide on managing, imaging findings, and follow-up of COVID-19 patients with olfactory dysfunction (OD). Methods: A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from December 2019 until the end of July 2022. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses addressing management and imaging findings of the olfactory manifestations of COVID-19 were included in the study. The quality assessment of included articles was carried out using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews-2 (AMSTAR-2) tool. Results: A total of 23 systematic reviews were reviewed in this umbrella review. The number of included studies varied between 2 to 155 articles. Several demographic variables were not adequately reported across all the included systematic reviews, including age, gender, preexisting comorbidities, or whether participants had been hospitalized or admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to COVID‐19. Conclusion: It seems that the coronavirus can infect olfactory system structures that play roles in the transmission and interpretation of smell sense. Based on studies, a large proportion of patients experienced OD following COVID-19 infection, and the majority of OD was resolved spontaneously. The possibility of long-lasting OD was higher in young adults with moderate clinical manifestation. Olfactory training (OT) was the most effective therapy. Intranasal corticosteroids (ICS) are also recommended.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Olfactory Dysfunction in the COVID-19 Era: An Umbrella Review Focused on Neuroimaging, Management, and Follow-up

Kalantarhormozi

Sotoudeh

Habibi

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Normal gain values were assessed, and no pathological saccades were seen in all but one patient. Interestingly, the existing literature is inconsistent, which is confirmed especially in two recent meta-analyses (22,26). The study situation is difficult to compare, as most studies only collect subjective or objective parameters and differ greatly in their methodology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of COVID-19 on the vestibular system

et al. 2023

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IntroductionThe symptoms and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection vary greatly across the spectrum, from asymptomatic infection to severe pneumonia with acute respiratory distress syndrome and even death. Dizziness is a frequently reported symptom of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. However, the extent to which this symptom results from the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the vestibular system remains unclear.Materials and methodsIn the present single-center, prospective cohort study, patients with a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection underwent a vestibular assessment consisting of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory to assess dizziness during and after infection, a clinical examination, the video head impulse test, and the subjective visual vertical test. When the subjective visual vertical test result was abnormal, vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials were performed. Vestibular testing results were compared to pre-existing normative data of healthy controls. In addition, we performed a retrospective data analysis of patients admitted to hospital presenting with acute symptoms of dizziness who were also diagnosed with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.ResultsA total of 50 participants have been enrolled. During and after the SARS-CoV-2 infection, women were significantly more likely than men to suffer from dizziness. A significantly reduced semicircular canal or otolith function was not observed in either women or men. Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection was diagnosed in nine patients who presented to the emergency room with acute vestibular syndrome. Six of the patients exhibited acute unilateral peripheral vestibulopathy upon diagnosis. A different patient was diagnosed with vestibular migraine, and two individuals had a posterior inferior cerebellar artery infarct revealed by magnetic resonance imaging.Discussion/conclusionOverall, a persisting structural affection of the vestibular system by SARS-CoV-2 seems to be unlikely and could not be confirmed by vHIT, SVV, and VEMPS in our study. It seems possible but unlikely that SARS-CoV-2 induces acute vestibulopathy. Nevertheless, dizziness is a common symptom in patients with COVID-19, which should be taken and worked through seriously.

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“…Research has shown that individuals can experience auditory, vestibular, olfactory, and gustatory dysfunctions for an extended time following a COVID-19 infection ( 31 ). Additionally, numerous literature reviews have demonstrated that long-term COVID is frequently associated with tinnitus and olfactory and gustatory dysfunction ( 32 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between tinnitus and olfactory dysfunction: audiovisual, olfactory, and medical examinations

Katayama

Yoshida

Nakashima

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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IntroductionSensory dysfunctions and cognitive impairments are related to each other. Although a relationship between tinnitus and subjective olfactory dysfunction has been reported, there have been no reports investigating the relationship between tinnitus and olfactory test results.MethodsTo investigate the relationship between tinnitus and olfactory test results, we conducted sensory tests, including hearing and visual examinations. The subjects included 510 community-dwelling individuals (295 women and 215 men) who attended a health checkup in Yakumo, Japan. The age of the subjects ranged from 40 to 91 years (mean ± standard deviation, 63.8 ± 9.9 years). The participants completed a self-reported questionnaire on subjective tinnitus, olfactory function, and hearing function, as well as their lifestyle. The health checkup included smell, hearing, vision, and blood examinations.ResultsAfter adjusting for age and sex, the presence of tinnitus was significantly associated with subjective olfactory dysfunction, poor olfactory test results, hearing deterioration, vertigo, and headache. Additionally, high serum calcium levels and a low albumin/globulin ratio were significantly associated with low physical activity and nutrition. Women scored higher than men in olfactory and hearing examinations, but there was no gender difference in vision examinations.ConclusionSubjective smell dysfunction and poor smell test results were significantly associated with tinnitus complaints. Hearing and vision were associated even after adjusting for age and sex. These findings suggest that evaluating the mutual relationships among sensory organs is important when evaluating the influence of sensory dysfunctions on cognitive function.

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Long COVID, audiovestibular symptoms and persistent chemosensory dysfunction: a systematic review of the current evidence

Cited by 11 publications

References 26 publications

Olfactory Dysfunction in the COVID-19 Era: An Umbrella Review Focused on Neuroimaging, Management, and Follow-up

Olfactory Dysfunction in the COVID-19 Era: An Umbrella Review Focused on Neuroimaging, Management, and Follow-up

The effects of COVID-19 on the vestibular system

Relationship between tinnitus and olfactory dysfunction: audiovisual, olfactory, and medical examinations

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