Long COVID Definition, Symptoms, Risk Factors, Epidemiology and Autoimmunity: A Narrative Review

Kozłowski, Paweł; Leszczyńska, Aleksandra; Ciepiela, Olga

doi:10.1016/j.ajmo.2024.100068

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 310 publications

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“…A large number of COVID-19 survivors have presented with different disease syndromes for a long time after recovery from the acute viral infection. As these convalescents become a serious burden on the health care system, the prolonged health problems associated with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection have been classified as a syndrome named long COVID [1,2]. Data in the literature suggest that the prevalence of long COVID is between 9% and 63% of recovered subjects, depending on the source of data and syndrome definition [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organ-Dysfunction Markers in Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19 Convalescents

Wiśniewska,

Kijak,

Nowak

et al. 2024

JCM

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Background: A coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak led to a worldwide pandemic. COVID-19 not only caused acute symptoms during the severe phase of the disease, but also induced long-term side effects on the functioning of many organs and systems. Symptoms that were associated with the disease and present at least 3 months after recovery were named long COVID. The aim of this study was to assess if mild-to-moderate COVID-19 may lead to the dysfunction of respiratory, cardiovascular, neural, and renal systems in healthy blood donors who recovered from the disease at least 6 months earlier. Methods: Here, we examined 294 adults among volunteer blood donors divided into convalescents (n = 215) and healthy controls (n = 79). Concentrations of soluble CD163, TGF beta, Lp-PLA2, NCAM-1, S100, NGAL, and creatinine were measured either by ELISA or automated methods. The probability value p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: We found significant differences in Lp-PLA2, S100, and NCAM-1 between convalescents and never-infected subjects. Lp-PLA2 and NCAM-1 were lower, and S100 higher, in convalescents than in the control group. Conclusion: Mild-to-moderate COVID-19 convalescents are at a low risk of developing lung fibrosis or chronic kidney disease. However, they should regularly carry out their prophylaxis examinations for early detection of possible negative outcomes of COVID-19.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organ-Dysfunction Markers in Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19 Convalescents

Wiśniewska,

Kijak,

Nowak

et al. 2024

JCM

Self Cite

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Mortality and the business cycle: evidence from an estimated DSGE model for Germany

Shamsfakhr

2024

Int Econ Econ Policy

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This study addresses the relationship between transitory macroeconomic conditions and health by analyzing the dynamics of death over business cycle fluctuations in Germany during 1998:Q4–2014:Q4. A dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with population growth is developed to incorporate demographic shocks including mortality. The estimation results indicate that mortality in Germany is counter-cyclical, suggesting that health in Germany deteriorates during recessions whereas it improves over economic expansions. Moreover, the structure of mortality is found to vary with respect to the business cycles. While for most of the sample period non-working population seems to be more exposed to death during recessionary times, there are evidences of higher fatality of working people in Germany during the recent financial and economic crisis. In the light of the demographic change that Germany is currently experiencing, findings of this study have important implications for health policies concerning aging as well as working-age population.

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