Long distance pathways of diffusion for dextran along fibre bundles in brain. Relevance for volume transmission

Bjelke, Börje; R, England; Nicholson, Charles; Rice, Margaret E.; Lindberg, Jakob; Zoli, Michèle; Agnati, Luigi F.; Fuxé, Kjell

doi:10.1097/00001756-199505090-00014

Cited by 52 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…77 This pathway is delineated by the distribution of the Dextran 10 kDa after local injection into the striatum. 84 Altogether, these data suggest that IL-1␤ first diffuses from CVO into the surrounding tissue by arteriolar pulsations (eg from median eminence to arcuate nucleus). IL-1␤ produced in the median eminence can also access the CSF because the blood-CSF barrier is leaky.…”

Section: Propagation By Diffusion Through the Csfmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…85,86 This is likely due to its anisotropic diffusion through the ventricular CSF or perivascular space. Extracellular markers such as Dextran are rapidly removed from the striatum and accumulated around the lateral ventricle, 84,87 suggesting that they spread into the CSF. However, injection of markers into the cortex rarely results in spread away from the site of injection.…”

Section: Propagation By Diffusion Through the Csfmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cytokine signals propagate through the brain

et al. 2000

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Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF␣) are proinflammatory cytokines that are constitutively expressed in healthy, adult brain where they mediate normal neural functions such as sleep. They are neuromodulators expressed by and acting on neurons and glia. IL-1 and TNF␣ expression is upregulated in several important diseases/disorders. Upregulation of IL-1 and/or TNF␣ expression, elicited centrally or systemically, propagates through brain parenchyma following specific spatio-temporal patterns. We propose that cytokine signals propagate along neuronal projections and extracellular diffusion pathways by molecular cascades that need to be further elucidated. This elucidation is a prerequisite for better understanding of reciprocal interactions between nervous, endocrine and immune systems. Molecular Psychiatry (2000) 5, 604-615.

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Section: Propagation By Diffusion Through the Csfmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Propagation By Diffusion Through the Csfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokine signals propagate through the brain

et al. 2000

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“…The cyclic pressure oscillations within the SAS induce 'tide' movements of the CSF into the Virchow-Robin spaces, hence in the pericapillary spaces and, eventually, in the ECF channels of the trophic units. These fluid push -pull movements contribute to the long distance VT flow of signalling molecules along perivascular and paraaxonal channels [37,63]. In addition, it helps the maintenance of the internal milieu of the brain by increasing the flow of nutrients to and clearance of catabolites from the trophic units.…”

Section: (B) On the Renewal And Clearance Of Volume Transmission Signmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of transmitter diffusion and flow versus extracellular vesicles in volume transmission in the brain neural–glial networks

Borroto-Escuela

Agnati

Bechter

et al. 2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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113

130

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One contribution of 16 to a discussion meeting issue 'Release of chemical transmitters from cell bodies and dendrites of nerve cells'. Two major types of intercellular communication are found in the central nervous system (CNS), namely wiring transmission (point-to-point communication, the prototype being synaptic transmission with axons and terminals) and volume transmission (VT; communication in the extracellular fluid and in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)) involving large numbers of cells in the CNS. Volume and synaptic transmission become integrated inter alia through the ability of their chemical signals to activate different types of receptor protomers in heteroreceptor complexes located synaptically or extrasynaptically in the plasma membrane. The demonstration of extracellular dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) fluorescence around the DA and 5-HT nerve cell bodies with the Falck-Hillarp formaldehyde fluorescence method after treatment with amphetamine and chlorimipramine, respectively, gave the first indications of the existence of VT in the brain, at least at the soma level. There exist different forms of VT. Early studies on VT only involved spread including diffusion and flow of soluble biological signals, especially transmitters and modulators, a communication called extrasynaptic (short distance) and long distance (paraaxonal and paravascular and CSF pathways) VT. Also, the extracellular vesicle type of VT was demonstrated. The exosomes (endosome-derived vesicles) appear to be the major vesicular carriers for VT but the larger microvesicles also participate. Both mainly originate at the soma-dendritic level. They can transfer lipids and proteins, including receptors, Rab GTPases, tetraspanins, cholesterol, sphingolipids and ceramide. Within them there are also subsets of mRNAs and non-coding regulatory microRNAs. At the soma-dendritic membrane, sets of dynamic postsynaptic heteroreceptor complexes (built up of different types of physically interacting receptors and proteins) involving inter alia G protein-coupled receptors including autoreceptors, ion channel receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases are hypothesized to be the molecular basis for learning and memory. At nerve terminals, the presynaptic heteroreceptor complexes are postulated to undergo plastic changes to maintain the pattern of multiple transmitter release reflecting the firing pattern to be learned by the heteroreceptor complexes in the postsynaptic membrane.

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“…There are strong indications for longdistance fluid pathways in the extracellular compartment that are probably of importance for volume transmission of chemical signals. 9,24,25 It is unlikely that the extracellular diffusive transport is driven by an active process, in contrast to the situation for the cell interior.…”

Section: Diffusion In the Intra-and Extracellular Compartmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…38,39 The effect is both evident for the phosphocreatine (PCr) resonance and the a-and g-ATP resonances. De Graaf et al 40 have performed such measurements for three orthogonal directions [yielding D xx , D yy and D zz and, from these, D av ; see eqn (25)] and as a function of the diffusion time (yielding the dependence of D av on the diffusion time). Examples of the outcome of these measurements for PCr are depicted in Fig.…”

Section: Dw-mrs and Cell Structure And Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diffusion NMR spectroscopy

Nicolay¹,

Braun²,

Graaf³

et al. 2001

NMR in Biomedicine

170

177

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MR offers unique tools for measuring molecular diffusion. This review focuses on the use of diffusionweighted MR spectroscopy (DW-MRS) to non-invasively quantitate the translational displacement of endogenous metabolites in intact mammalian tissues. Most of the metabolites that are observed by in vivo MRS are predominantly located in the intracellular compartment. DW-MRS is of fundamental interest because it enables one to probe the in situ status of the intracellular space from the diffusion characteristics of the metabolites, while at the same time providing information on the intrinsic diffusion properties of the metabolites themselves. Alternative techniques require the introduction of exogenous probe molecules, which involves invasive procedures, and are also unable to measure molecular diffusion in and throughout intact tissues. The length scale of the process(es) probed by MR is in the micrometer range which is of the same order as the dimensions of many intracellular entities. DW-MRS has been used to estimate the dimensions of the cellular elements that restrict intracellular metabolite diffusion in muscle and nerve tissue. In addition, it has been shown that DW-MRS can provide novel information on the cellular response to pathophysiological changes in relation to a range of disorders, including ischemia and excitotoxicity of the brain and cancer.

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Long distance pathways of diffusion for dextran along fibre bundles in brain. Relevance for volume transmission

Cited by 52 publications

References 11 publications

Cytokine signals propagate through the brain

Cytokine signals propagate through the brain

The role of transmitter diffusion and flow versus extracellular vesicles in volume transmission in the brain neural–glial networks

Diffusion NMR spectroscopy

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