Long-lived reservoirs of HIV-1

Zaikos, Thomas D.; Collins, Kathleen L.

doi:10.1016/j.tim.2014.02.015

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…However, the persistence of latent reservoirs of replication-competent non-induced proviruses remains a major obstacle in HIV-1 eradication [ 3 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. These latent reservoirs are established early during acute viral infection [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Macrophages and latently infected resting CD4+ T cells are reservoirs of HIV-1 [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reports suggest the HIV-1 infection of circulating monocytes in vivo. The infected monocytes can cross the blood-tissue barrier and can differentiate into macrophages [ 18 , 26 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. Moreover, HIV-1 infected macrophages release several immunoregulatory and inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-7, which in turn influence viral replication and disease associated with viral infection [ 40 , 41 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eradication of HIV-1 from the Macrophage Reservoir: An Uncertain Goal?

Abbas

Tariq

Iqbal

et al. 2015

Viruses

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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) establishes latency in resting memory CD4+ T cells and cells of myeloid lineage. In contrast to the T cells, cells of myeloid lineage are resistant to the HIV-1 induced cytopathic effect. Cells of myeloid lineage including macrophages are present in anatomical sanctuaries making them a difficult drug target. In addition, the long life span of macrophages as compared to the CD4+ T cells make them important viral reservoirs in infected individuals especially in the late stage of viral infection where CD4+ T cells are largely depleted. In the past decade, HIV-1 persistence in resting CD4+ T cells has gained considerable attention. It is currently believed that rebound viremia following cessation of combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) originates from this source. However, the clinical relevance of this reservoir has been questioned. It is suggested that the resting CD4+ T cells are only one source of residual viremia and other viral reservoirs such as tissue macrophages should be seriously considered. In the present review we will discuss how macrophages contribute to the development of long-lived latent reservoirs and how macrophages can be used as a therapeutic target in eradicating latent reservoir.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eradication of HIV-1 from the Macrophage Reservoir: An Uncertain Goal?

Abbas

Tariq

Iqbal

et al. 2015

Viruses

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“…CCR5 is an ideal target for Studies have indicated that the CCRT antagonist combined with HAART treatment can shrink the latent virus [28] , but whether will it apply to the large sample. that needs further study cannot clear it [29,30] .…”

Section: Ccr5 Antagonist Of Chemokine Receptormentioning

confidence: 97%

The Research Progress of the Fuctional Cure of AIDS

Xu¹,

Luo²

2015

J. Appl. Virol.

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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome remains incurable even though it has been more than thirty years since first discovered in 1981. Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy provides effective treatment to AIDS patients. However, Human Immunodeficiency Virus will rebound due to the existence of the latent viral reservoir if Active Anti-retroviral Therapy (ART) interrupted. Functional cure refers to keep viral load at low or undetectable level (at least for a certain period of time) after interrupting antiretroviral treatment. This brief review focuses on the achievement in functional cure of AIDS.

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“…ART results in undetectable viremia in the plasma of HIV+ individuals but fails to achieve complete virus eradication, hence requiring life-long treatment [ 1 , 2 •, 3 – 7 ]. HIV persistence is explained by the existence of reservoirs that are established early upon HIV exposure [ 8 ••, 9 – 11 ]. Two types of reservoirs have been described that are not mutually exclusive and that are likely to co-exist in some individuals.…”

Section: Hiv Latencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioinformatics and HIV Latency

et al. 2015

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Despite effective treatment, HIV is not completely eliminated from the infected organism because of the existence of viral reservoirs. A major reservoir consists of infected resting CD4+ T cells, mostly of memory type, that persist over time due to the stable proviral insertion and a long cellular lifespan. Resting cells do not produce viral particles and are protected from viral-induced cytotoxicity or immune killing. However, these latently infected cells can be reactivated by stochastic events or by external stimuli. The present review focuses on novel genome-wide technologies applied to the study of integration, transcriptome, and proteome characteristics and their recent contribution to the understanding of HIV latency.

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Long-lived reservoirs of HIV-1

Abstract: HIV-1 persistence in long-lived cellular reservoirs remains a major barrier to a cure. In a recent Nature Medicine paper, Buzon et al. identify memory T cells with stem cell-like properties (TSCM) that harbor infectious provirus and that likely contribute to HIV-1 persistence.

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

Eradication of HIV-1 from the Macrophage Reservoir: An Uncertain Goal?

Eradication of HIV-1 from the Macrophage Reservoir: An Uncertain Goal?

The Research Progress of the Fuctional Cure of AIDS

Bioinformatics and HIV Latency

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