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Poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase 1 is a versatile enzyme that is deeply involved in diverse cellular processes. It exerts influence on pivotal activities such as DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, and cell death. PARP1 is crucial due to its susceptibility to posttranslational modifications, each of which has distinct roles in shaping its functionality and interactions with other proteins. Among these modifications, the addition of ADP‐ribose polymerase 1 and the addition of an acetyl group to lysine residues enhance PARP1 engagement in DNA repair, while ubiquitination and cleavage are involved in the degradation of PARP1. PARP1 modification has been exploited in cancer treatment, particularly in the context of breast and ovarian cancers marked by BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. However, resistance to PARP1 inhibitors and selective posttranslational modifications, which confer cellular functions remain elusive. The present review endeavors to detail the extent of PARP1 modifications, shedding light on their profound implications at the cellular remains a challenge, which often drives treatment failure. The effectiveness of PARP1 inhibitors relies on specific level. This trial is registered with NCT04550104, NCT06120491, NCT05367440, NCT05797168, NCT04644068, NCT05573724, NCT05489211, NCT05938270, and NCT02264678.
Poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase 1 is a versatile enzyme that is deeply involved in diverse cellular processes. It exerts influence on pivotal activities such as DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, and cell death. PARP1 is crucial due to its susceptibility to posttranslational modifications, each of which has distinct roles in shaping its functionality and interactions with other proteins. Among these modifications, the addition of ADP‐ribose polymerase 1 and the addition of an acetyl group to lysine residues enhance PARP1 engagement in DNA repair, while ubiquitination and cleavage are involved in the degradation of PARP1. PARP1 modification has been exploited in cancer treatment, particularly in the context of breast and ovarian cancers marked by BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. However, resistance to PARP1 inhibitors and selective posttranslational modifications, which confer cellular functions remain elusive. The present review endeavors to detail the extent of PARP1 modifications, shedding light on their profound implications at the cellular remains a challenge, which often drives treatment failure. The effectiveness of PARP1 inhibitors relies on specific level. This trial is registered with NCT04550104, NCT06120491, NCT05367440, NCT05797168, NCT04644068, NCT05573724, NCT05489211, NCT05938270, and NCT02264678.
The DNA damage repair (DDR) pathway is a complex signaling cascade that can sense DNA damage and trigger cellular responses to DNA damage to maintain genome stability and integrity. A typical hallmark of cancer is genomic instability or nonintegrity, which is closely related to the accumulation of DNA damage within cancer cells. The treatment principles of radiotherapy and chemotherapy for cancer are based on their cytotoxic effects on DNA damage, which are accompanied by severe and unnecessary side effects on normal tissues, including dysregulation of the DDR and induced therapeutic tolerance. As a driving factor for oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, noncoding RNA (ncRNA) have been shown to play an important role in cancer cell resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Recently, it has been found that ncRNA can regulate tumor treatment tolerance by altering the DDR induced by radiotherapy or chemotherapy in cancer cells, indicating that ncRNA are potential regulatory factors targeting the DDR to reverse tumor treatment tolerance. This review provides an overview of the basic information and functions of the DDR and ncRNAs in the tolerance or sensitivity of tumors to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. We focused on the impact of ncRNA (mainly microRNA [miRNA], long noncoding RNA [lncRNA], and circular RNA [circRNA]) on cancer treatment by regulating the DDR and the underlying molecular mechanisms of their effects. These findings provide a theoretical basis and new insights for tumor-targeted therapy and the development of novel drugs targeting the DDR or ncRNAs.
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