Long Non-Coding RNAs and Their Potential Roles in the Vector–Host–Pathogen Triad

Ahmad, Parwez; Bensaoud, Chaima; Mekki, Imen; Rehman, Mujeeb Ur; Kotsyfakis, Michail

doi:10.3390/life11010056

Cited by 30 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…It has been proven that lncRNAs not only function in the developmental processes of honey bees but also play important roles in regulating the development, behavior, stress resistance, sex identification, and dosage compensation of Drosophila [ 14 , 24 , 25 ]. Although there have been many studies on lncRNAs, a detailed characterization of lncRNAs in non-model organisms is somewhat limited [ 20 ], and the role of lncRNAs in most arthropods is still limited [ 14 , 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic identification and characterization of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) during Aedes albopictus development

et al. 2022

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Background Aedes albopictus originated in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia and can currently be found on all continents. As one of the main arboviral vectors, the control of Ae. albopictus requires novel strategies, informed by a deep knowledge of its biology. Little is known regarding mosquito long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that lack protein-coding potential and have roles in developmental regulation. Results Based on RNA-seq data from five developmental time points, eggs, early larvae, late larvae, pupae, and adults (female and male) of Ae. albopictus, 21,414 lncRNAs were characterized in this study. Differential expression analysis revealed that lncRNAs exhibited developmental stage specificity. The expression of most lncRNAs was upregulated at the onset of metamorphosis developmental stages. More differentially expressed lncRNAs were observed between eggs and early larvae. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) further confirmed that the expression patterns of lncRNAs were obviously correlated with specific developmental time points. Functional annotation using co-expression analysis revealed that lncRNAs may be involved in the regulation of metamorphic developmental transitions of Ae. albopictus. The hub lncRNAs and hub gene clusters were identified for each module that were highly associated with specific developmental time points. Conclusions The results of this study will facilitate future researches to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs in the development of Ae. albopictus and utilize lncRNAs to assist with mosquito control.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic identification and characterization of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) during Aedes albopictus development

et al. 2022

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“…LncRNAs are involved in interactions between multiple species, such as, for example, vector-host–pathogen interactions. It is worth nothing that lncRNAs can be either vector/host-derived or encoded by pathogens [ 42 ]. In the pathogen and host interactions, there are numerous types of mechanisms, including regulation of pathogen growth and replication or cellular homegrown defense.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium manipulates the expression of host long non-coding RNA during red blood cell intracellular infection

et al. 2022

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Background Parasites interact with their host through “direct” and/or “indirect” mechanisms. Plasmodium, for example, either mediates direct physical interactions with host factors or triggers the immune system of the host indirectly, leading to changes in infectious outcomes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in regulating biological processes, especially host–pathogen interactions. However, research on the role of host lncRNAs during Plasmodium infection is limited. Methods A RNA sequencing method (RNA-seq) was used to confirm the differential expression profiles of lncRNAs in Plasmodium yeolii 17XL (P.y17XL)-infected BALB/c mice. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to elucidate the potential functions of Plasmodium-induced genes. Subsequently, the effect of specific lncRNAs on the modulation of immune-related signaling pathways in malaria was determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The data showed that in P.y17XL-infected BALB/c mice, Plasmodium upregulated the expression of 132 lncRNAs and downregulated the expression of 159 lncRNAs. Differentially expressed lncRNAs clearly associated with malaria infection were annotated, including four novel dominant lncRNAs: ENMSUSG00000111521.1, XLOC_038009, XLOC_058629 and XLOC_065676. GO and KEGG pathway analyses demonstrated that these four differentially expressed lncRNAs were associated with co-localized/co-expressed protein-coding genes that were totally enriched in malaria and with the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway. Using the models of P.y17XL-infected BALB/c mice, data certified that the level of TGF-β production and activation of TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway were obviously changed in malaria infection. Conclusions These differentially expressed immune-related genes were deemed to have a role in the process of Plasmodium infection in the host via dendritic/T regulatory cells and the TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. The results of the present study confirmed that Plasmodium infection-induced lncRNA expression is a novel mechanism used by Plasmodium parasites to modify host immune signaling. These results further enhance current understanding of the interaction between Plasmodium and host cells. Graphical Abstract

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“…They are categorized into long non-coding RNAs and small non-coding RNAs having nucleotide ranges of <200 nucleotides and >200, respectively. They have been found to functionally participate in subverting the host’s defensive responses in the parasite–vector–host interface ( Bensaoud et al., 2019b ; Ahmad et al., 2021 ). Further investigation of long non-coding RNAs and small non-coding RNAs localization, purpose for secretion, and molecular mechanisms is necessary, as they are suggested to have a putative role in the regulation of gene expression and to disrupt the signaling between the host defense pathways in the host’s cells ( Hackenberg and Kotsyfakis, 2018 ; Chávez et al., 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MiRNAs are a class of short non-coding RNAs with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that are responsible for regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and that can bind the 3’ UTR region of target mRNA to induce post-transcriptional inhibition ( Ahmad et al., 2021 ). A single miRNA might bind several different mRNA targets, or multiple miRNAs can target a single mRNA transcript ( Hermance et al., 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host Immune Responses to Salivary Components - A Critical Facet of Tick-Host Interactions

Ali

Zeb

Alouffi

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Tick sialome is comprised of a rich cocktail of bioactive molecules that function as a tool to disarm host immunity, assist blood-feeding, and play a vibrant role in pathogen transmission. The adaptation of the tick’s blood-feeding behavior has lead to the evolution of bioactive molecules in its saliva to assist them to overwhelm hosts’ defense mechanisms. During a blood meal, a tick secretes different salivary molecules including vasodilators, platelet aggregation inhibitors, anticoagulants, anti-inflammatory proteins, and inhibitors of complement activation; the salivary repertoire changes to meet various needs such as tick attachment, feeding, and modulation or impairment of the local dynamic and vigorous host responses. For instance, the tick’s salivary immunomodulatory and cement proteins facilitate the tick’s attachment to the host to enhance prolonged blood-feeding and to modulate the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses. Recent advances implemented in the field of “omics” have substantially assisted our understanding of host immune modulation and immune inhibition against the molecular dynamics of tick salivary molecules in a crosstalk between the tick–host interface. A deep understanding of the tick salivary molecules, their substantial roles in multifactorial immunological cascades, variations in secretion, and host immune responses against these molecules is necessary to control these parasites. In this article, we reviewed updated knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying host responses to diverse elements in tick saliva throughout tick invasion, as well as host defense strategies. In conclusion, understanding the mechanisms involved in the complex interactions between the tick salivary components and host responses is essential to decipher the host defense mechanisms against the tick evasion strategies at tick-host interface which is promising in the development of effective anti-tick vaccines and drug therapeutics.

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Long Non-Coding RNAs and Their Potential Roles in the Vector–Host–Pathogen Triad

Cited by 30 publications

References 69 publications

Systematic identification and characterization of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) during Aedes albopictus development

Systematic identification and characterization of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) during Aedes albopictus development

Plasmodium manipulates the expression of host long non-coding RNA during red blood cell intracellular infection

Host Immune Responses to Salivary Components - A Critical Facet of Tick-Host Interactions

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