Long non‐coding RNAs in aging organs and tissues

Abstract

SummaryThe aging process directly impacts bodily functions on multiple levels, including a reduced ability to resist stress, damage and disease. Besides changes in metabolic control, the aging process coincides with the altered long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) expression, which are ≥200nt long class of non-protein coding RNAs. The majority of non-coding transcripts of mammalian organs and tissues are expressed in developmentally regulated and cell-type specific manners. Specific altered lncRNA level has been involved in induction and maintenance of the whole human body aging with highly specific spatial andtemporal expression patterns. Furthermore, many lncRNAs are transcribed in sense, antisense and bidirectional manners in the mammalian genome. They play a vital role in regulating organ or tissue differentiation during aging by binding with miRNA or proteins to act as a decoy. Recently, the correlation between lncRNAs and aging has been studied intensely. Here, we have summarized some examples of known and novel lncRNAs that have been implicated in the aging process in the whole mammalian body and we discuss these patterns, conservation and characters during aging. This may further promote the development of research on lncRNAs and the aging process. K E Y W O R D Saging, long non-coding RNAs, organ, tissue

Markers of T Cell Senescence in Humans

“…Lipid and nicotinamide (NAD) metabolism are also two other features of mitochondria that could be associated with cellular senescence as they are correlated with age-related diseases [ 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 ] Besides mitochondria, studies have investigated at the RNA level and assessed the role of non-coding RNA (i.e., micro RNAs, long noncoding RNAa and circular RNAs) with cellular senescence in aging organs/tissue. [ 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 ]. On the epigenetic level, CD4 and CD8 T cells have been shown to have an overall decrease in methylation as they progressed from Naïve to TE [ 103 , 104 ].…”

Epigenetic mechanisms in Tendon Ageing

“…Characterized as ≥200 nucleotides in length, lncRNAs have recently been implicated in regulation of transcriptional processing by several methods. 55 Proposed activity includes modification of chromatin via recruitment of histone and DNA methyl-transferases, influencing transcriptional activators and repressors, and acting as miRNA ‘sponges’, thereby removing miRNA influence on gene expression. 55 Lu et al .…”

Aging mechanisms and intervention targets

“…Mature miRNAs interacts with assembly proteins, resulting in the formation of miRNA‐induced silencing complex (miRSC) in RNA silencing and post‐transcriptional regulation of gene expression (for review, see Fang). Intriguingly, senescence‐associated long non‐coding RNA (SALNR) induces oncogene‐induced senescence through inhibiting the nuclear factor of activated T‐cells 90 kDa (NF90, a RNA binding protein suppressing miRNA biogenesis) and enhancing the expressions of senescence‐associated miRNAs …”

“…Whereas tissue‐specific miRNA profiles may be important in regulating tissue‐specific gene expressions contributing to tissue‐specific aging, the mitochondrial DNA‐transcribed lncRNA (ASncmtRNA‐2) has been shown in age‐associated cardiovascular diseases with regulated expressions of hsa‐miR‐4485 and hsa‐miR‐1973 . By contrast, the miRNA Meg3, Rian (Meg8) and Mirg, are up‐regulated in the imprinted locus Dlk1‐Dio3 in aged liver, with Meg3 and Rian recruiting the polycomb repressive complex two (Prc2) to regulate cell proliferation and Mirg being involved in regulating c‐myc and p53 cell cycle factors . Recently, the lncRNA Chronos that is positively regulated with advancing age and negatively regulated during Akt1‐mediated growth appears to underpin sarcopenia by epigenetic modulation of Bmp7 signalling in vivo …”