Long non‐coding RNAs and microorganism‐associated cancers

Abstract

Cancerous cells are abnormal cells characterized by aberrant growth and proliferation, which can involve various types of cells and tissues. Through numerous signalling pathways, many mechanisms are involved in cells that keep them normal. These signalling pathways are tightly set by different proteins whose expression is regulated by a large number of factors. In other words, when a regulating factor does not act properly or undergoes a change in its function or expression, the result will be that the subordinate gene and subsequently the related protein will show deranged expression and activity. This leads to disordered signalling pathways which bring about uncontrolled proliferation in cells. One of the most significant factors in adjusting the expression of genes is noncoding RNAs. It should be noted that all underlying causes initiating malignancy try to alter the main regulatory factors in cellular processes and gene expression and direct the cell to an unregulated state.Microorganisms have been identified as one of the important elements to direct normal cells to abnormality. That is, they probably agitate the malignant traits through manipulating significant factors such as ncRNAs in given cells using their own or host-related factors. The present study is aimed at examining how the long noncoding RNAs are involved in microorganism-mediated cancers.

COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients With Malignancy; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Safety

“…A proper immune response to either vaccines or viral infections requires both cellular and humoral immunity. An adequate antibody response can, in turn, increase T lymphocyte activity (CD4+ T helper) and lead to higher stimulation of B lymphocytes to produce higher levels of antibodies ( 20 , 40 , 41 ). It has been shown that there is a correlation between CD4+ T helper cell response to viral spike protein and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA titer levels ( 42 – 46 ).…”

Comprehensive Analysis of Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma Expression Profiles Identifies Long Non-Coding RNA AKTIP as a Potential Biomarker

“…Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are defined as noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are greater than 200 nucleotides in length (Ranjbar et al, 2021). Compared with other ncRNAs (e.g., miRNAs), lncRNAs have a longer primary structure, can integrate with DNAs and RNAs, and can form a complex and diverse secondary spatial structure to interact with proteins (Bracht et al, 2017).…”

“…Although lncRNAs do not encode proteins, some studies have shown that lncRNAs play crucial roles in governing a wide range of fundamental biological processes, including genomic imprinting, chromosome inactivation, differentiation and carcinogenesis, at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Aberrant expression of lncRNAs is associated with several human diseases, such as various types of tumors, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological diseases (Santoro et al, 2020;Ranjbar et al, 2021). Moreover, these abnormal lncRNAs are also found in circulating blood and/or urine (Brunner et al, 2012;Shi et al, 2016).…”

Comprehensive Analysis of Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma Expression Profiles Identified Long Noncoding RNA AKTIP as a Potential Biomarker

“…Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are de ned as noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are greater than 200 nucleotides in length [7].…”

“…Although lncRNAs do not encode proteins, some studies have shown that lncRNAs play crucial roles in governing a wide range of fundamental biological processes, including genomic imprinting, chromosome inactivation, differentiation and carcinogenesis, at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Aberrant expression of lncRNAs is associated with several human diseases, such as various types of tumors, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological diseases [7,9,10]. Moreover, these abnormal lncRNAs are also found in circulating blood and/or urine [11,12].…”