Long Noncoding RNAs in Cardiovascular Pathology, Diagnosis, and Therapy

Abstract

Vast parts of mammalian genomes encode for transcripts that are not further translated into proteins. The purpose of the majority of such noncoding ribonucleic acids (RNAs) remained paradoxical for a long time. However, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that long noncoding RNAs are dynamically expressed in different cell types, diseases, or developmental stages to execute a wide variety of regulatory roles at virtually every step of gene expression and translation. Indeed, long noncoding RNAs influence gene expression via epigenetic modulations, through regulating alternative splicing, or by acting as molecular sponges. The abundance of long noncoding RNAs in the cardiovascular system indicates that they may be part of a complex regulatory network governing physiology and pathology of the heart. In this review, we discuss the multifaceted functions of long noncoding RNAs and highlight the current literature with an emphasis on cardiac development and disease. Furthermore, as the enormous spectrum of long noncoding RNAs potentially opens up new avenues for diagnosis and prevention of heart failure, we ultimately evaluate the futuristic prospects of long noncoding RNAs as biomarkers, and therapeutic targets for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, as well.

Long noncoding RNA MEG3, a potential novel biomarker to predict the clinical outcome of cancer patients: a meta-analysis

“…LncRNAs were once considered to be the noise of genome transcription without biological function. However, recent studies have indicated that lncRNAs are closely related to many diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases [32], cardiovascular diseases [33], rheumatoid diseases [34] and so on. Meanwhile, abnormal expressions of lncRNAs have been found in tumor tissues, which play important role in the carcinogenesis and aggressive progression of human malignancies [35].…”

Long non‐coding RNA‐CTD‐2108O9.1 represses breast cancer metastasis by influencing leukemia inhibitory factor receptor

“…Despite their variable origins, lncRNAs are ubiquitous and non‐nonsense sequences in the genome . LncRNAs have been found to play roles in cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolism‐related disorders, bacterium infection, and diverse tumors . The aberrant expression of lncRNAs in various cancers has attracted attention, and the biological functions of lncRNAs are increasingly being shown.…”

Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 downregulates cardiac transient outward potassium current by regulating miR‐200c/HMGB1 pathway

“…[21][22][23] Moreover, the level of MALAT1 was augmented in ischemic limbs 24 and higher in patients with MI than in healthy volunteers. [21][22][23] Moreover, the level of MALAT1 was augmented in ischemic limbs 24 and higher in patients with MI than in healthy volunteers.…”