Long Noncoding RNAs Regulate the Inflammatory Responses of Macrophages

Abstract

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are defined as transcripts with more than 200 nucleotides that have little or no coding potential. In recent years, due to the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS), a large number of studies have revealed that lncRNAs function as key regulators to maintain immune balance and participate in diverse physiological and pathological processes in the human body. Notably, overwhelming evidence suggests that lncRNAs can regulate innate immune responses, the differentiation and development of immune cells, inflammatory autoimmune diseases, and many other immunological processes with distinct regulatory mechanisms. In this review, we summarized the emerging roles of lncRNAs in macrophage development and polarization. In addition, the potential value of lncRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of aberrant immune responses and inflammatory diseases are discussed.

LncRNA CASC2 Alleviates Renal Interstitial Inflammation and Fibrosis through MEF2C Downregulation-Induced Hinderance of M1 Macrophage Polarization

“…These findings in our study displayed a negative correlation between the lncRNA CASC2 level and macrophage infiltration in RIF. Macrophage infiltration can contribute to inflammation and fibrosis [6], and lncRNAs are able to regulate macrophage infiltration for modulating inflammation and tissue repair [20], which combined with our findings, implies that lncRNA CASC2 may alleviate RIF through negatively regulating macrophage infiltration.…”

“…Since incomplete or prolonged inflammatory signaling leads to fibrosis [43], here, we delved into the M1 polarization-related mechanism underlying RIF. LncRNAs are regulators of great significance for macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses [20]. Moreover, their functional role in the pathogenesis of renal inflammation and fibrosis has been unfolded through accumulating data [44].…”

“…Studies have revealed that lncRNAs influence macrophage polarization [17]. LncRNA-mediated macrophage polarization into M1 can result in distinct secretome profiles, further enhancing inflammatory responses, impairing tissue repair and promoting tissue fibrosis [18][19][20]. Also, lncRNAs are involved in myofibroblast activation, which is induced by macrophage-produced transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) [21,22] and essential to renal fibrogenesis [23].…”

An overview of natural products that modulate the expression of non-coding RNAs involved in oxidative stress and inflammation-associated disorders

“…A lot of research has been carried out so far on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) involved in oxidative stress and inflammation-related disorders with some already existing reviews such as those of Wang Y. et al (2019) ; Soudeh et al (2020) ; Kalhori et al (2021) ; Xu and Zhang (2022) ; as well as Zhao et al (2021) which outline lncRNAs with some of their mechanisms of action in oxidative stress and inflammation-related disorders. This section reviewed a few which have been investigated with natural products and expressed in disorders such as diabetes, cancers, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson’s diseases and Alzheimer’s diseases) with more equally found in Table 1 .…”

Naringenin Prevents Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in LPS-Induced Liver Injury through the Regulation of LncRNA-mRNA in Male Mice

“…Although the specific roles of lncRNAs in liver injury remain undetermined, they have been established as vital regulators of gene expression related to metabolic homeostasis or dysfunction. For example, lncRNAs undergo regulation during adipogenesis and inflammation, with many being bound to their promoters by key transcription factors, such as PPARγ, CEBPα, TNFα, and IL-6 [38,39]. Furthermore, considerable evidence highlights the association of liver diseases with abnormal expression of lncRNAs [40][41][42].…”