Long-range communications at extremely low frequencies

Bernstein, Steven; Burrows, M.; Evans, James E.; Griffiths, Andrew S.; McNeill, D.; Niessen, Charles W.; Richer, I.; White, David P.; Willim, D.

doi:10.1109/proc.1974.9426

Cited by 102 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Radio waves in the lower ELF band, radiated by lightning discharges, are trapped between conductive shells that are the Earth's surface and the lower boundary of the ionosphere [e.g., Nickolaenko and Hayakawa, 2002]. This Earth-ionosphere waveguide provides round-the-world propagation at ELF with very low attenuation less than 1 dB/Mm [Bernstein et al, 1974] that allows for a unique possibility for nearly real-time global monitoring of the lightning activity and properties of the Earth-ionosphere cavity from one or a few receiving stations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations of the global lightning distribution revealed from three‐station Schumann resonance measurements

2010

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[1] Schumann resonance (SR) observations performed simultaneously by a global network consisting of three stations (Lekhta (Karelia, Russia), Moshiri (Hokkaido, Japan), and West Greenwich (Rhode Island, United States)) during almost 1 year were used for mapping world thunderstorm activity. A two-stage inverse problem is solved for locating lightning sources distributed over the Earth's surface from the SR background signals. The first stage consists of inversions of the SR magnetic field power spectra to the distributions of lightning intensity by distance relative to an observation point. The obtained distance profiles of intensity of sources are used as tomographic projections for reconstructing a spatial distribution of sources in the second stage. We have suggested the use of source distance profiles obtained from the spectra of outputs of two orthogonal magnetic antennas operating at each observatory as separate tomographic projections. It is shown that the implementation of additional information on the azimuthal distribution of sources, provided by angular selectivity of magnetic sensors, significantly improves the quality of global lightning mapping under the condition of a limited number of observation stations. Maps of the global lightning distributions constructed by the result of inversions of SR spectra show that the most active regions vary zonally on the seasonal time scale and meridionally on the diurnal time scale being connected mainly with continental areas in the tropics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations of the global lightning distribution revealed from three‐station Schumann resonance measurements

2010

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“…While within the Earth-ionosphere waveguide this pulse, or sferic, is not significantly dispersed or attenuated-with an attenuation rate as little as~1 dB Mm À1 [Bernstein et al, 1974]-and is capable of traveling considerable distance. Since the sferic essentially propagates radially from the initial lightning stroke, some portion of the initial energy penetrates upward through the ionosphere to enter the magnetosphere.…”

Section: Lightning-generated Whistlersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whistlers observed outside the plasmasphere: Correlation to plasmaspheric/plasmapause features

et al. 2015

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Whistlers observed outside the plasmasphere by Cluster have been correlated with the global plasmasphere using Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration-Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (IMAGE-EUV) observations. Of the 12 Cluster-observed whistler events reported, EUV is able to provide global imaging of the plasmasphere for every event and demonstrates a direct correlation between the detection of lightning-generated whistlers beyond the plasmapause and the presence of a global perturbation of the local plasmapause. Of these 12 correlated events, seven of the Cluster-observed whistlers (or 58%) are associated with the Cluster spacecraft lying radially outward from a plasmaspheric notch. Two of the Cluster-observed whistlers (17%) are associated with the low-density region between the late afternoon plasmapause and the western wall of a plasmaspheric drainage plume. The final three Cluster-observed whistler events (25%) are associated with a nonradial, nonazimuthal depletion in plasmaspheric He + emission that are termed "notch-like" crenulations. In one of these cases, the notch-like crenulations appear to be manifestations entrained within the plasmasphere boundary layer of a standing wave on the surface of the plasmasphere. The correlated Cluster/IMAGE-EUV observations suggest that the depleted flux tubes that connect the ionosphere to the low-density regions of plasmaspheric trough and inner magnetosphere facilitate the escape of whistler waves from the plasmasphere.

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“…As mentioned in [4], the impulsive ambient noise, and behind it the Laplacian noise, can model among others thunder and lightning, ice avalanches, all kinds of machine motors, neon signs, etc. Moreover, in [5] it was proven that the noise in long range communication is no longer Gaussian and has an impulsive nature. Figure [5,Fig.10] shows that the PDF of the noise in the discrete time model is similar to the Laplacian distribution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, in [5] it was proven that the noise in long range communication is no longer Gaussian and has an impulsive nature. Figure [5,Fig.10] shows that the PDF of the noise in the discrete time model is similar to the Laplacian distribution. It is claimed also that the non-Gaussian behavior of the noise has important implications on the receiver design and on the evaluation of the system performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symbol Error Rate of MPSK Over EGK Channels Perturbed by a Dominant Additive Laplacian Noise

Soury¹,

Alouini²

2015

IEEE Trans. Commun.

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Long-range communications at extremely low frequencies

Cited by 102 publications

References 24 publications

Variations of the global lightning distribution revealed from three‐station Schumann resonance measurements

Variations of the global lightning distribution revealed from three‐station Schumann resonance measurements

Whistlers observed outside the plasmasphere: Correlation to plasmaspheric/plasmapause features

Symbol Error Rate of MPSK Over EGK Channels Perturbed by a Dominant Additive Laplacian Noise

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