Long-range surface plasmon polaritons

Berini, Pierre

doi:10.1364/aop.1.000484

Cited by 871 publications

(593 citation statements)

References 349 publications

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“…It is worth comparing SPPs in metal thin layers with that in graphene. For a single layer of metal, there should be a symmetric mode (long range SPPs) and an antisymmetric mode (short range SPPs) as the metal thickness is very small [28,29]. The symmetric mode has a much longer propagation length than SPPs in graphene [30].…”

Section: (C) and 2(d)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Strong Coupling of Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Monolayer Graphene Sheet Arrays

et al. 2012

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Here we investigate theoretically and numerically the coupling between surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in monolayer graphene sheet arrays that have a period much smaller than the wavelength. We show that when the collective SPP is excited with an out-of-phase illumination, the beam tends to propagate toward the opposite direction of the Bloch momentum, reflecting a negative coupling between the constituent SPPs. In contrast, for in-phase illumination, the incident beam is split into two collective SPPs that are highly collimated and display low propagation loss. Moreover, the coupling between the individual SPPs results in a reduction of the modal wavelength of the SPP in comparison with that of a single graphene sheet. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.073901 PACS numbers: 42.82.Et, 42.25.Fx, 42.79.Fm, 73.20.Mf Graphene, an allotrope of carbon consisting of sp 2 bonded carbon atoms arranged in one atom thick honeycomb lattice, has attracted extensive attention since the practical production of stable graphene in 2004 [1]. A great diversity of electronic and optical effects have been found in graphene such as integer and fractional quantum Hall effect at room temperature, tunable band gap, ballistic electronic propagation, optical saturable absorption and luminescence [2][3][4]. The optical response of graphene is characterized by its surface conductivity which greatly relates to its chemical potential (Fermi energy). Graphene manifests strong absorption of light in the near-infrared and visible range [5]. At lower frequencies such as THz and far-infrared range, the intraband transition of electrons dominates and graphene behaves like a metal. The transverse magnetic (TM) polarized surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) could therefore be supported by graphene. SPPs in graphene possess unique features as compared with metals, such as huge modal index, relatively low loss, and flexible tunability by electric field, magnetic field, and gate voltage [6]. These features make graphene a promising material for SPP-based optical nanodevice applications.So far, the study on graphene plasmonics mostly focused on SPPs in monolayer graphene, graphene ribbons, and double-layer graphene sheets [6][7][8][9][10]. The excitation of SPPs in graphene is theoretically proposed by using nanoemitters in graphene sheets [11,12]. Experimental observation of SPPs in graphene has also been reported by using electron spectroscopy [9] and near-field microscopy [13,14]. As a fundamental issue, the weak coupling of SPPs in between double-layer graphene sheets was recently investigated [15]. The coupling of SPPs in a periodic multilayer graphene system, which is physically different from that in double-layer graphene sheets, is also an important topic but has not been explored yet.In this Letter, we propose a monolayer graphene sheet array (MGSA) composed of periodically stacked monolayer graphene sheets with identical interlayer space. The configuration follows the conventional dielectric and metallic waveguide arrays [16][17][18] that have sho...

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Section: (C) and 2(d)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Strong Coupling of Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Monolayer Graphene Sheet Arrays

et al. 2012

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“…The concept of these surface waves excited at optical frequencies arose in 1957, when Ritchie [11] presented a plasma-oscillation explanation for energy losses of fast electrons traversing thin metal films. Simple optical methods to launch these surface waves emerged shortly thereafter [12,14,13].Metals dissipate optical energy; hence, most SPP waves do not propagate long distances along the interface plane [15]. The replacement of the partnering metal by a dielectric material different from the other partner should reduce attenuation rates and enhance propagation distances.…”

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confidence: 99%

Observation of the Dyakonov-Tamm Wave

2013

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Abstract.A surface electromagnetic wave called the Dyakonov-Tamm wave has been theoretically predicted to exist at the interface of two dielectric materials at least one of which is both anisotropic and periodically nonhomogeneous. For experimental confirmation, a prism-coupled configuration was used to excite the Dyakonov-Tamm wave guided by the interface of a dense thin film of magnesium fluoride and a chiral sculptured thin film of zinc selenide. The excitation was indicated by a reflection dip (with respect to the angle of incidence in the prism-coupled configuration) that is independent of the polarization state of the incident light as well as the thicknesses of both partnering materials beyond some thresholds. Applications to optical sensing and long-range on-chip communication are expected.An electromagnetic surface wave propagates along the interface of two dissimilar materials. The fields of the surface wave must not only satisfy the Maxwell equations in both partnering materials, but must also decay far away from the interface [1,3,2]. The localization of the fields to the interface makes surface-wave propagation sensitive to changes in the electromagnetic properties of the partnering materials in the region near the interface [3,4]. Such changes alter the field distribution, the phase speed, and the attenuation rate of the surface wave and may even cause the surface wave to disappear entirely. This sensitivity is most often exploited for optical sensing applications [4,7,5,6], but surface waves also show potential for applications in microscopy, photovoltaics, and communication [8,9,10].Most of these applications have been realized for surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) waves, which requires one of the two partnering materials to be a metal whereas the other one is a dielectric material. The concept of these surface waves excited at optical frequencies arose in 1957, when Ritchie [11] presented a plasma-oscillation explanation for energy losses of fast electrons traversing thin metal films. Simple optical methods to launch these surface waves emerged shortly thereafter [12,14,13].Metals dissipate optical energy; hence, most SPP waves do not propagate long distances along the interface plane [15]. The replacement of the partnering metal by a dielectric material different from the other partner should reduce attenuation rates and enhance propagation distances. Indeed, a second type of electromagnetic surface wave was predicted in 1977 to be guided by the interface of two isotropic dielectric materials, at least one of which was periodically non-homogeneous in the direction perpendicular to the interface [16]. This surface wave is often called a Tamm wave as it is analogous to the electronic states predicted to exist at the interface of two crystals by Tamm in 1932 [17]. The experimental observation of Tamm waves followed in 1978 [18] and, more recently, their application to sensing has been demonstrated as well [5,6,19]. A third type of electromagnetic surface wave was predicted by Dyakonov in 1988 to be...

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“…The results for the slit array also reveal that, in addition to the above-mentioned dark mode at λ D , there exists another dark mode at λ D ≈ 760 nm. By examining the corresponding field profile, we found that this mode is the counterpart in our system of the short-range surface plasmon polariton arising in flat metallic films [29]. Due to the large ohmic losses featured by this mode, it does not play any significant role in the analysis of the lasing dynamics of the system.…”

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confidence: 77%

Theory of lasing action in plasmonic crystals

et al. 2015

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We theoretically investigate lasing action in plasmonic crystals incorporating optically pumped four-level gain media. By using detailed simulations based on a time-domain generalization of the finite-element method, we show that the excitation of dark plasmonic resonances (via the gain medium) enables accessing the optimal lasing characteristics of the considered class of systems. Moreover, our study reveals that, in general, arrays of nanowires feature lower lasing thresholds and larger slope efficiencies than those corresponding to periodic arrays of subwavelength apertures. These findings are of relevance for further engineering of active devices based on plasmonic crystals. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.91.041118 PACS number(s): 78.67. Pt, 73.20.Mf, 78.45.+h Coherent light generation at the nanoscale is one of the critical stepping stones for the ultimate control of the light fields. In this context, plasmonic structures have recently emerged as versatile platforms for achieving lasing action at length scales well below the diffraction limit [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Very recently, it has been demonstrated that plasmon-assisted lasing action is not restricted to single nanocavity systems, but can be also observed in structures supporting extended plasmonic resonances, such as periodic arrays of metallic nanoparticles [17] and periodic arrays of subwavelength apertures milled in a metallic film [18]. These works reported independently on the unique ability of the corresponding metallic periodic structure (plasmonic crystal) to collect all the lasing light produced at the nanoscale and emit it to the far field in the form of a collimated beam. Although in a closely related context a detailed study of the spatiotemporal dynamics of lasing in gain-enhanced plasmonic nano-fishnet structures has been reported [19], a general study that explores the lasing properties of plasmonic crystals from a unified perspective is-to our knowledge-still lacking. In this work we address this issue and present a fundamental theoretical analysis of the dynamics and steady-state characteristics of lasing action in plasmonic crystals consisting of periodic arrays of metallic nanowires and subwavelength apertures embedded in an optically pumped four-level gain medium.The insets of Figs. 1(a) and 1(b) render schematic views of the two model systems under study. For simplicity, we consider plasmonic crystals displaying one-dimensional periodicity along the x direction and continuous translational symmetry along the z direction (see the axes definition in the insets of Fig. 1). These structures support surface electromagnetic modes that resemble those decorating their two-dimensionally periodic counterparts [20] (this is particularly the case for thin-film plasmonic crystals, as the ones studied below). Therefore, the considered model systems are able to capture the fundamental physical phenomena governing the interaction of those surface modes with a four-level gain medium.The first analyzed configuration [in...

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Long-range surface plasmon polaritons

Cited by 871 publications

References 349 publications

Strong Coupling of Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Monolayer Graphene Sheet Arrays

Strong Coupling of Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Monolayer Graphene Sheet Arrays

Observation of the Dyakonov-Tamm Wave

Theory of lasing action in plasmonic crystals

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