Long-Range Transport Influence on Key Chemical Components of PM2.5 in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, South Korea, during the Years 2012–2016

Bae, Changhan; Kim, Byeong-Uk; Kim, Hyun Cheol; Yoo, Chul Gyu; Kim, Soontae

doi:10.3390/atmos11010048

Cited by 86 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…The Chinese contribution to the PM 2.5 concentration for SMA in February 2014 was 40-50% during high PM 2.5 days [32] and reached up to 70% at the Bulgwang supersite in Seoul [32]. The range in the Chinese contribution estimated in this study is similar to the results of the previous studies mentioned earlier [5,6,30]. The Chinese contribution was 70% or higher for the West Sea because of its geographic proximity to China and the primary wind direction in the winter and spring which makes bringing primary and secondary pollutants from China to South Korea favorable [34,35].…”

Section: The Chinese Contribution To the Pm25 Concentrations In The supporting

confidence: 88%

“…The urban air quality monitoring network (AMS) was used to identify the location of the cells on the monitors in this study. Similar to previous studies [5][6][7]26,30], the area-based contributions are presented and discussed in Sections 3.2-3.5. Moreover, we compare the foreign contributions with the two receptor definitions in Section 3.6.…”

Section: Receptor Definitionmentioning

confidence: 69%

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A Multiscale Tiered Approach to Quantify Contributions: A Case Study of PM2.5 in South Korea During 2010–2017

Bae

Kim

et al. 2020

Atmosphere

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We estimated long-term foreign contributions to the particulate matter of 2.5 μm or less in diameter (PM2.5) concentrations in South Korea with a set of air quality simulations. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE)-Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system was used to simulate the base and sensitivity case after a 50% reduction of foreign emissions. The effects of horizontal modeling grid resolutions (27- and 9-km) was also investigated. For this study, we chose PM2.5 in South Korea during 2010–2017 for the case study and emissions from China as a representative foreign source. The 9-km simulation results show that the 8-year average contribution of the Chinese emissions in 17 provinces ranged from 40–65%, which is ~4% lower than that from the 27-km simulation for the high-tier government segments (particularly prominent in coastal areas). However, for the same comparison for low-tier government segments (i.e., 250 prefectures), the 9-km simulation presented lowered the foreign contribution by up to 10% compared to that from the 27-km simulation. Based on our study results, we recommend using high-resolution modeling results for regional contribution analyses to develop an air quality action plan as the receptor coverage decreases.

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Section: The Chinese Contribution To the Pm25 Concentrations In The supporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Receptor Definitionmentioning

confidence: 69%

A Multiscale Tiered Approach to Quantify Contributions: A Case Study of PM2.5 in South Korea During 2010–2017

Bae

Kim

et al. 2020

Atmosphere

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“…NO 3 − and NH 4 + highly contribute to PM 2.5 concentrations and are strongly associated with vehicle emission sources in Seoul [20]. However, it has been reported that the contribution of air pollutants brought by northwesterly or westerly wind is also significant to PM 2.5 concentrations in the Seoul metropolitan area [28]. For example, the PM 2.5 concentrations tend to be particularly high in spring, partly due to Asian dust originating from China and the deserts of Kazakhstan and Mongolia, all located to the west of the study area.…”

Section: Partial Correlation Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Network-Based Approach for Reducing Pedestrian Exposure to PM2.5 Induced by Road Traffic in Seoul

Yoon

Youngjoo

Jeong

et al. 2021

Land

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Urban plans for pedestrian-friendly environments by reducing exposure to air pollutants and enhancing movement are crucial for public health and accessibility of social infrastructure. Here, we develop a novel network analysis-based approach, which identifies pivotal local walkways that lower exposure risk to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) while improving the urban landscape connectivity. We employ an exponential distance-decay model and partial correlation analysis to estimate traffic-induced PM2.5 and to test the relationship between the proxies and actual PM2.5 concentrations, respectively. We use a proxy for pedestrians’ PM2.5 exposure as a movement cost when conducting network analyses to compute pedestrian network centrality, reflecting both low PM2.5 exposure risk and landscape connectivity. As a result, we found a significant contribution of traffic to the estimated PM2.5 exposure and PM2.5 concentrations. We also found that walkways make a large contribution to regional connectivity regardless of the estimated PM2.5 exposure risk owing to the composition and configuration of urban landscape elements. Regarding the spatial features and planning context, this study suggests four types of pedestrian networks to provide urban authorities with useful practical information in city-wide urban plans for enhancing walkability: PM2.5 reduction required; PM2.5 reduction recommended; optimal areas; and alternatives of optimal areas.

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“…For South Korea, however, the ZOC was as low as ~0.5 ppb, except during spring, when NH3 emissions increased due to agricultural activities. It is known that transboundary transport of air pollutants from China to South Korea increases during spring compared to the other seasons [73,74]. However, the calculations yielded an NH3 concentration of just ~2 ppb, which is significantly lower than the measured value during spring (~12 ppb) (Figure 3).…”

Section: Origin Of Total Nh3mentioning

confidence: 78%

Contributions of Ammonia to High Concentrations of PM2.5 in an Urban Area

Park

Kim

et al. 2021

Atmosphere

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Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) plays a critical role in PM2.5 pollution. Data on atmospheric NH3 are scanty; thus, the role of NH3 in the formation of ammonium ions (NH4+) in various environments is understudied. Herein, we measured concentrations of NH3, PM2.5, and its water-soluble SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ ions (SNA) at an urban site in Jeonju, South Korea from May 2019 to April 2020. During the measurement period, the average concentrations of NH3 and PM2.5 were 10.5 ± 4.8 ppb and 24.0 ± 12.8 μg/m3, respectively, and SNA amounted to 4.3 ± 3.1, 4.4 ± 4.9, and 1.6 ± 1.8 μg/m3, respectively. A three-dimensional photochemical model analysis revealed that a major portion of NH3, more than 88%, originated from Korea. The enhancement of the ammonium-to-total ratio of NH3, NHX (NHR = [NH4+]/[NH4+] + [NH3]) was observed up to ~0.61 during the increase of PM2.5 concentration (PM2.5 ≥ 25 μg/m3) under low temperature and high relative humidity conditions, particularly in winter. The PM2.5 and SNA concentrations increased exponentially as NHR increased, indicating that NH3 contributed significantly to SNA formation by gas-to-particle conversion. Our study provided experimental evidence that atmospheric NH3 in the urban area significantly contributed to SNA formation through gas-to-particle conversion during PM2.5 pollution episodes.

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Long-Range Transport Influence on Key Chemical Components of PM2.5 in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, South Korea, during the Years 2012–2016

Cited by 86 publications

References 80 publications

A Multiscale Tiered Approach to Quantify Contributions: A Case Study of PM2.5 in South Korea During 2010–2017

A Multiscale Tiered Approach to Quantify Contributions: A Case Study of PM2.5 in South Korea During 2010–2017

A Network-Based Approach for Reducing Pedestrian Exposure to PM2.5 Induced by Road Traffic in Seoul

Contributions of Ammonia to High Concentrations of PM2.5 in an Urban Area

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