Long-range transport of Siberian biomass burning emissions to North America during FIREX-AQ

Johnson, Matthew S.; Strawbridge, K. B.; Knowland, K. Emma; Keller, Christoph A.; Travis, Michael S.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118241

Cited by 53 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…These are also the months of the highest springtime ozone values of 53 ppbv in April and up to 48 ppbv in May over the measurement period. We can finally conclude, based on the present data, that severe wildfires in southern and central Siberia provide a net source for the midlatitude ozone on the regional and global scales in a period from spring to early summer under favorable weather conditions (see also Jaffe et al., 2004; Johnson et al., 2021; Lapina, 2009 and references therein).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

Regional Impact of Ozone Precursor Emissions on NO_X and O₃ Levels at ZOTTO Tall Tower in Central Siberia

Moiseenko

Vasileva

Skorokhod

et al. 2021

Earth and Space Science

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Measurements of ozone (O 3 ) and its precursors, including NO X species (NO X = NO + NO 2 ), allow assessment of the current state of the tropospheric photochemical system (TPS), as well as long-term trends in chemical air composition associated with the changing climate and strength of air pollution sources. Ozone is a key compound of the TPS, whose photolysis initiates most of the chemical reactions through generating an excited atomic oxygen O( 1 D). A subsequent reaction of O( 1 D) with a molecule of water (H 2 O) is the principal source for the tropospheric hydroxyl radical OH which drives oxidation of relatively stable ozone precursor species [e.g., carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH 4 ), and higher molecular mass hydrocarbons (NMHC)] emitted from various natural and anthropogenic sources. Also, O 3 is an important secondary pollutant whose mixing ratios above 40-60 ppbv are harmful to human health (

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

Regional Impact of Ozone Precursor Emissions on NO_X and O₃ Levels at ZOTTO Tall Tower in Central Siberia

Moiseenko

Vasileva

Skorokhod

et al. 2021

Earth and Space Science

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“…We hypothesize that such a self-lifting event occurred over central-eastern Siberia in the second half of July 2019 (Figure 1) and that the changes in the stratospheric aerosol structures at the end of July and in the beginning of August 2019 observed over Leipzig were related to the severe and rather strong wildfires in Siberia from July 19, 2019 to August 14, 2019 (Johnson et al, 2021;Ohneiser et al, 2021). Figure 9 shows smoke AOTs (averaged over 1 month) for the most important burning area which was located north and northeast of Lake Baikal (indicated by an oval-shaped symbol in Figure 9).…”

Section: Datementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The situation became complicated in the summer and autumn of 2019 by the strong wildfire activity at high northern latitudes (Alaska, Canada, Siberia, Figure 1). Especially the enormous, record-breaking wildfires in central and eastern Siberia, with the most intensive fire period from July 19 to August 14, 2019 (Johnson et al, 2021;Ohneiser et al, 2021), are assumed to be responsible for an increase of the stratospheric AOT towards 0.1 as observed with Raman lidar over Leipzig in August 2019, Germany, and in the High Arctic during the MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate) expedition (Engelmann et al, 2021;Ohneiser et al, 2021) in autumn 2019. High tropospheric smoke AOTs, partly exceeding 3, prevailed over large areas (millions of hectars) in the central-eastern Siberia, north and northeast of Lake Baikal for several weeks in July and August.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CALIPSO Aerosol-Typing Scheme Misclassified Stratospheric Fire Smoke: Case Study From the 2019 Siberian Wildfire Season

Ansmann

Ohneiser

Chudnovsky

et al. 2021

Front. Environ. Sci.

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In August 2019, a 4-km thick wildfire smoke layer was observed in the lower stratosphere over Leipzig, Germany, with a ground-based multiwavelength Raman lidar. The smoke was identified by the smoke-specific spectral dependence of the extinction-to-backscatter ratio (lidar ratio) measured with the Raman lidar. The spaceborne CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) lidar CALIOP (Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) detected the smoke and classified it as sulfate aerosol layer (originating from the Raikoke volcanic eruption). In this article, we discuss the reason for this misclassification. Two major sources for stratospheric air pollution were active in the summer of 2019 and complicated the CALIPSO aerosol typing effort. Besides intense forest fires at mid and high northern latitudes, the Raikoke volcano erupted in the Kuril Islands. We present two cases observed at Leipzig, one from July 2019 and one from August 2019. In July, pure volcanic sulfate aerosol layers were found in the lower stratosphere, while in August, wildfire smoke dominated in the height range up to 4–5 km above the local tropopause. In both cases, the CALIPSO aerosol typing scheme classified the layers as sulfate aerosol layers. The aerosol identification algorithm assumes non-spherical smoke particles in the stratosphere as consequence of fast lifting by pyrocumulonimbus convection. However, we hypothesize (based on presented simulations) that the smoke ascended as a results of self-lifting and reached the tropopause within 2–7 days after emission and finally entered the lower stratosphere as aged spherical smoke particles. These sphercial particles were then classified as liquid sulfate particles by the CALIPSO data analysis scheme. We also present a successful case of smoke identification by the CALIPSO retrieval method.

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“…The wildfire smoke layer most probably originated from severe and long-lasting fires in Siberia occurring in July and August 2019. Because of the large number of cirrus clouds, occurring in the persistent smoke layer, a favorable opportunity presented itself to investigate, for the first time, the role of aged smoke particles (mainly consisting of organic material) in heterogeneous ice formation processes and to contrast these findings with respective ones for the summer half year, when anthropogenic haze and mineral dust dominate and influence cirrus formation in the Arctic (Grenier et al, 2009;Jouan et al, 2012Jouan et al, , 2014. Furthermore, a record-breaking reduction in the ozone concentration, mainly between 15 and 20 km height, was found over the Arctic in the spring of 2020 (DeLand et al, 2020;Wohltmann et al, 2020;Innes et al, 2020;Manney et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wildfire smoke, Arctic haze, and aerosol effects on mixed-phase and cirrus clouds over the North Pole region during MOSAiC: an introduction

et al. 2021

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Abstract. An advanced multiwavelength polarization Raman lidar was operated aboard the icebreaker Polarstern during the MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate) expedition to continuously monitor aerosol and cloud layers in the central Arctic up to 30 km height. The expedition lasted from September 2019 to October 2020 and measurements were mostly taken between 85 and 88.5∘ N. The lidar was integrated into a complex remote-sensing infrastructure aboard the Polarstern. In this article, novel lidar techniques, innovative concepts to study aerosol–cloud interaction in the Arctic, and unique MOSAiC findings will be presented. The highlight of the lidar measurements was the detection of a 10 km deep wildfire smoke layer over the North Pole region between 7–8 km and 17–18 km height with an aerosol optical thickness (AOT) at 532 nm of around 0.1 (in October–November 2019) and 0.05 from December to March. The dual-wavelength Raman lidar technique allowed us to unambiguously identify smoke as the dominating aerosol type in the aerosol layer in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). An additional contribution to the 532 nm AOT by volcanic sulfate aerosol (Raikoke eruption) was estimated to always be lower than 15 %. The optical and microphysical properties of the UTLS smoke layer are presented in an accompanying paper (Ohneiser et al., 2021). This smoke event offered the unique opportunity to study the influence of organic aerosol particles (serving as ice-nucleating particles, INPs) on cirrus formation in the upper troposphere. An example of a closure study is presented to explain our concept of investigating aerosol–cloud interaction in this field. The smoke particles were obviously able to control the evolution of the cirrus system and caused low ice crystal number concentration. After the discussion of two typical Arctic haze events, we present a case study of the evolution of a long-lasting mixed-phase cloud layer embedded in Arctic haze in the free troposphere. The recently introduced dual-field-of-view polarization lidar technique was applied, for the first time, to mixed-phase cloud observations in order to determine the microphysical properties of the water droplets. The mixed-phase cloud closure experiment (based on combined lidar and radar observations) indicated that the observed aerosol levels controlled the number concentrations of nucleated droplets and ice crystals.

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Long-range transport of Siberian biomass burning emissions to North America during FIREX-AQ

Cited by 53 publications

References 56 publications

Regional Impact of Ozone Precursor Emissions on NO_X and O₃ Levels at ZOTTO Tall Tower in Central Siberia

Regional Impact of Ozone Precursor Emissions on NO_X and O₃ Levels at ZOTTO Tall Tower in Central Siberia

CALIPSO Aerosol-Typing Scheme Misclassified Stratospheric Fire Smoke: Case Study From the 2019 Siberian Wildfire Season

Wildfire smoke, Arctic haze, and aerosol effects on mixed-phase and cirrus clouds over the North Pole region during MOSAiC: an introduction

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Long-range transport of Siberian biomass burning emissions to North America during FIREX-AQ

Cited by 53 publications

References 56 publications

Regional Impact of Ozone Precursor Emissions on NOX and O3 Levels at ZOTTO Tall Tower in Central Siberia

Regional Impact of Ozone Precursor Emissions on NOX and O3 Levels at ZOTTO Tall Tower in Central Siberia

CALIPSO Aerosol-Typing Scheme Misclassified Stratospheric Fire Smoke: Case Study From the 2019 Siberian Wildfire Season

Wildfire smoke, Arctic haze, and aerosol effects on mixed-phase and cirrus clouds over the North Pole region during MOSAiC: an introduction

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Regional Impact of Ozone Precursor Emissions on NO_X and O₃ Levels at ZOTTO Tall Tower in Central Siberia

Regional Impact of Ozone Precursor Emissions on NO_X and O₃ Levels at ZOTTO Tall Tower in Central Siberia