Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multi-system disease characterized by skin
fibrosis and visceral disease. Therapy is organ and pathogenesis targeted. In
this review, we describe novel strategies in the treatment of SSc. Utilizing the
MEDLINE and the COCHRANE REGISTRY, we identified open trials, controlled
trials, for treatment of SSc from 1999 to April 2005. We used the terms scleroderma,
systemic sclerosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, pulmonary hypertension,
methotrexate, cyclosporin, tacrolimus, relaxin, low-dose penicillamine, IVIg,
calcium channel blockers, losartan, prazocin, iloprost, N-acetylcysteine, bosentan,
cyclophosphamide, lung transplantation, ACE inhibitors,
anti-thymocyte globulin, and stem cell transplantation. Anecdotal reports were
omitted.
Methotrexate, cyclosporin, tacrolimus, relaxin, low-dose penicillamine,
and IVIg may be beneficial in improving the skin tightness in SSc. Calcium
channel blockers, the angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonist losartan,
prazocin, the prostacyclin analogue iloprost, N-acetylcysteine and the dual
endothelin-receptor antagonist bosentan may be beneficial for Raynaud's
phenomenon. Epoprostenol and bosentan are approved for therapy of
pulmonary hypertension (PAH). Other options under investigation include
intravenous or aerolized iloprost. Cyclophosphamide (CYC) pulse therapy
is effective in suppressing active alveolitis. Stem cell and lung transplantation
is a viable option for carefully selected patients. Renal crisis can be effectively
managed when hypertension is aggressively controlled with angiotensin converting
enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Patients should continue taking ACE inhibitors even after
beginning dialysis in hope of discontinuing dialysis. Anti-thymocyte globulin and
mycophenolate mofetil appear safe in SSc. The improvement in skin score and
the apparent stability of systemic disease during the treatment period suggest
that controlled studies of these agents are justified. Stem cell transplantation is
under investigation for severe disease. Novel therapies are currently being tested
in the treatment of SSc and have the potential of modifying the disease process
and overall
clinical outcome. The evaluation of these studies is still a difficult process.