“…The UHI effect has attracted substantial attention owing to its far‐reaching consequences on the local microclimate, energy consumption, vegetation growth, and the health status of urban dwellers (Chakraborty et al., 2022; Cuerdo‐Vilches et al., 2023; Ho et al., 2023; X. Li et al., 2019; W. Liu et al., 2016; X. Peng et al., 2023; X. Yang et al., 2020). Thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing techniques implemented on satellite observations can retrieve spatially continuous urban surface temperatures (Z. L. Li et al., 2013; Wan, 2014; X. Xu et al., 2023; Zheng et al., 2019). Hence, TIR land surface temperature (LST) observations have been widespread utilized in the exploration of surface UHI (SUHI) effect (Chakraborty & Lee, 2019; Clinton & Gong, 2013; Cui et al., 2021; Gui et al., 2019; S. Peng et al., 2012; Q. Yang et al., 2021; S. Zhao et al., 2016; D. Zhou et al., 2014, 2016, 2019; B. Zhou et al., 2017).…”