Long-term dietary exposure to lead of the population of Jiangsu Province, China

Abstract

Deterministic and probabilistic estimates of the chronic exposure to lead (Pb) for the inhabitants in Jiangsu Province, China, were performed. Pb contamination data were obtained from the national food contamination monitoring programme during 2001-2006 and 2600 samples from 38 commodities in Jiangsu were included. Food consumption data were from the national diet and nutrition survey conducted in 2002, including 3879 subjects aged 2-80 years and 185 children aged 2-6 years in Jiangsu. Contributions from 38 commodities were included in the calculations. Using the provisional tolerable weekly intakes (PTWI) divided into daily intakes (PTWI(d)) of 3.57 microg kg(-1) bw day(-1) in the risk assessment, exposures calculated by the deterministic approach for children and the general population were 77% and 43% of the PTWI(d), respectively, which were nearly similar to the mean intake calculation in the probabilistic approach. The percentage of people whose exposure level exceeded the PTWI(d) for children, the general population, urban population and rural population were 16%, 0.4%, 0.1%, and 0.5%, respectively. The 50th, 95th and 99th percentiles of Pb exposure for children were 2.6, 4.4 and 5.5 microg kg(-1) bw day(-1), respectively. Rice followed by wheat flour and bean products contributed most to the total Pb intake for both children and the general population. This study indicated that the Pb dietary exposure in Jiangsu Province, especially for children, would be a public health concern.

Dietary exposure to lead of adults in Shenzhen city, China

“…Therefore, reducing lead contamination during processing of preserved eggs, and decreasing lead levels in "Fish and seafood and their products" and "Vegetables and their products", will help reduce dietary lead exposure among Shenzhen residents. like preserved eggs, we didn't separate them from ordinary eggs, which greatly influence the lead exposure data, and probably overestimate the risk of dietary exposure of lead in the group "Eggs and their products"; (2) in this study, the number of the tested food samples is relatively low, the representative of the detective results to some extent, may affect the accuracy of dietary exposure to lead in Shenzhen residents；(3) compared with some other studies (Sun et al 2011;, the detection rate of lead content in food in our study was lower (lead was detected in 38% food samples), mostly because our limit of detection (LOD for lead was 10 ug kg -1 ) was higher than other studies (LOD for lead was 5 ug kg -1 ). Low detection rate may lead to a degree of uncertainty in the estimation of lead intake.…”

“…This paper provides the first Shenzhen Total Diet Study results for the dietary exposure of Shenzhen adults to lead and its associated health risk. years, from 244 households using the three-stage cluster sampling method (Yang et al 2014;Liu et al 2011). The data, including household food consumption and household condiment consumption estimated by weighting methods as well as individual food consumption, were all represented as daily intake per reference person (reference person was defined as a 18 years old man with very low physical activity).…”

Analysis of lead and cadmium in cereal products and duplicate diets of a small group of selected Brisbane children for estimation of daily metal exposure

“…The Pb intakes in this study were comparable to intakes reported in other studies for Australia and for Germany and Japan (Table 3). High Pb intakes (41.0 µg/day) have been reported in Chinese children, and the major contributors of Pb come from rice and wheat flour [6,36].…”

Nutrient intake by kindergarten children in Beijing and Xian, China in 2004-2005, with special reference to sources of high sodium intake

“…The present analysis proved that Cd intake was associated with intakes of cereals, rice in particular, despite the fact that Cd intake in the present survey was as low as 8.9 μg/day (Table 3), which is only 1.5% of the levels reported for adult residents in Cd-polluted areas (e.g., 541 or 684 μg/day [33]), because foods are exclusive sources of Cd exposure among general populations [14]. The lack of association of Pb exposure levels with any type of cereals is conceivable, although the level, 12.0 μg/day (Table 3) was about 19% of the levels reported for polluted areas, e.g., 63 μg/ day [31]. Foods are not always major sources of exposure to Pb, and air-borne Pb in polluted atmosphere could be a substantial source [15].…”

“…Cereals are known to be major dietary sources for two environmental pollutant elements of Cd and Pb [14,15,[30][31][32]. The present analysis proved that Cd intake was associated with intakes of cereals, rice in particular, despite the fact that Cd intake in the present survey was as low as 8.9 μg/day (Table 3), which is only 1.5% of the levels reported for adult residents in Cd-polluted areas (e.g., 541 or 684 μg/day [33]), because foods are exclusive sources of Cd exposure among general populations [14].…”