a b s t r a c tEnergy consumption is on the rise in developing economies. In order to improve present and future energy supplies, forecasting energy demands is essential. However, lack of accurate and comprehensive data set to predict the future demand is one of big problems in these countries. Therefore, using ensemble hybrid forecasting models that can deal with shortage of data set could be a suitable solution. In this paper, the annual energy consumption in Iran is forecasted using 3 patterns of ARIMA-ANFIS model. In the first pattern, ARIMA (Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average) model is implemented on 4 input features, where its nonlinear residuals are forecasted by 6 different ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System) structures including grid partitioning, sub clustering, and fuzzy c means clustering (each with 2 training algorithms). In the second pattern, the forecasting of ARIMA in addition to 4 input features is assumed as input variables for ANFIS prediction. Therefore, four mentioned inputs beside ARIMA's output are used in energy prediction with 6 different ANFIS structures. In the third pattern, due to dealing with data insufficiency, the second pattern is applied with AdaBoost (Adaptive Boosting) data diversification model and a novel ensemble methodology is presented.The results indicate that proposed hybrid patterns improve the accuracy of single ARIMA and ANFIS models in forecasting energy consumption, though third pattern, used diversification model, acts better than others and model's MSE criterion was decreased to 0.026% from 0.058% of second hybrid pattern. Finally, a comprehensive comparison between other hybrid prediction models is done.
IntroductionEnergy is vital important for development of every country from the social, economic and environmental perspective. It has magnificent effect on industrial and agricultural products, health, sanitary, population, education and human life quality [1].As energy is a crucial input to industrial part of country, energy demand increases along the industrial function increase. Rapid changes in industry and economy strongly affect energy consumption. Therefore, energy consumption is an important economical index that represents economic development of a city or a country [2]. According to the international energy agent report, there should be many transformations in amount and type of future energy consumption (year 2030). As over the past decade global energy consumption has increased rapidly because of population and economic growth [3,4]. According to wide growth of energy consumption in the last decade, energy demand management is very important for achieving economic success, environment preservation and suitable planning for existing resources that result in self-sufficiency and economic development. Therefore, various techniques have been used for energy demand management to forecast future energy demands accurately [4]. However, energy forecasting is difficult, because it is affected by rapid development of economy, technology, gove...