Long‐term effects of ozone and simulated acid rain on the foliage dynamics of slash pine (<i>Pinus elliottii</i> var. <i>elliottii</i> Engelm.)*

Byres, David P.; Dean, Thomas J.; Johnson, Jon D.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb01058.x

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Accelerated senescence has been observed previously in ozone stressed trees (Reich & Lassoie, 1985;Byres, Dean & Johnson, 1992;Stow, Allen & Kress, 1992) and the chlorotic injury seen here could therefore be regarded as a visible symptom of senescence. Similarly, the increased leaching of Mg"â nd K+ ions from the ozone-exposed older shoots, more particularly from the chlorotic foliage, is evidence of enhanced cell permeability and membrane damage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Needle chlorosis in Sitka spruce following a three‐year exposure to low concentrations of ozone: changes in mineral content, pigmentation and ascorbic acid

1993

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S LI M M .A R YTwo-year-old seedlings of Sitka spruce were e.xposed to 70 nl 1 ' ozone or to filtered air over three successive summers in outdoor large-scale fumigation chambers (Solardomes). Seven months after the last period of exposure to the pollutant and just prior to hudhurst, upper-surface chlorisis affecting only the older needles of ozone-exposed trees was observed. In many respects, the symptoms appeared to be similar to those characteristic of type 1 spruce damage occurring in parts of mainland Europe. Chlorophyll pigments were reduced in the ozoneexposed older foliage, but no change in the ratio of chlorophylls to carotene was observed. The content of ascorbic acid was clearly related to the amount of foliar damage observed on the trees exposed to ozone and the largest increases were seen in those trees which were most visibly damaged. Although none of the foliage examined was deficient in any of the nutrient cations which were measured, the concentration of Mg in the older needles was significantly reduced by exposure to ozone, irrespective of damage symptoms. Exposure to ozone also resulted in increases in the ratios of K:Mg and Ca:Mg. In the older needles, leaching of Mg-" and K* by 05 mM H.^SO4, pH 3-0, was enhanced by prior exposure to ozone, but the amounts removed were small ( < 6 ""). It is suggested that long-term exposure to ozone has a cumulative effect on plant tissue and that the observed chlorosis was the result of accelerated senescence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Needle chlorosis in Sitka spruce following a three‐year exposure to low concentrations of ozone: changes in mineral content, pigmentation and ascorbic acid

1993

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“…Stem volumes of these trees followed a trend similar to photosynthetic rates, with pH 3-3 irrigation resulting in the highest values . Trees in this pH treatment also retained their needles longer than those in the other two acid rain treatments (Byres et aL, 1992). Such enhanced growth would not be expected to continue indefinitely, because soil acidification is likely to affect growth adversely (Kaupenjohann et al, 1989).…”

Section: Acid Rain Effectsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Daily exposure from 08.00 to 20.00 h was computer controlled to follow natural diurnal and seasonal fluctuations in ambient ozone concentrations (Dean & Johnson, 1991). Further details of the exposure system have been published (Byres et al 1992). Treatments will be referred to by the nominal ozone exposure (CF, 1 x , 2 x , and 3 x ).…”

Section: Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ments there were no significant changes in photoExposure to ozone reduced the growth rate of slash synthesis (Skarby, Troeng & Bostrom, 1987;Lee, pine in open-top chambers , Chevone & Seiler, 1990). Experiments with acidic and also reduced the leaf area by causing premature precipitation also show inconsistencies: it has been foliage loss (Byres, Dean & Johnson, 1992). Acidic demonstrated to stimulate photosynthesis (Eamus & precipitation may also affect plant growth rates Eowler, 1990), reduce photosynthesis (Neufeld, (Johnson, 1983), so together ozone and acid rain may Jernstedt & Haines, 1985), or have no effect (Reich & contribute to the declining growth rate of natural Amundson, 1985).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Seasonal response of slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) photosynthesis to long‐term exposure to ozone and acidic precipitation*

1992

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summary Four half‐sib families of slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) were planted in open‐top chambers and exposed to ozone and simulated acidic precipitation (3: 7 molar ratio of nitric and sulphuric acids). The 4 ozone treatments were (1) charcoal‐filtered air, (2) unfiltered ambient air, (3) twice ambient and (4) three times ambient ozone, with treatments applied 12 h per day, 11 months per year for 28 months. Seedlings were irrigated weekly with one of three rain acidities: pH 33, 4.3 or 5.3 at a total rainfall equivalent of 133 cm per year. Photosynthetic rates were measured approximately every 10 weeks, on the most recently emerged branches each year. In 1988 the 3rd flush was measured, and in 1989 and 1990 the 1st flush of each year was measured. Elevated ozone concentrations generally reduced photosynthetic rates, especially during the summer months, but there was no evidence of either a threshold dose or a simple linear relationship between photosynthesis and ozone exposure. There was a seasonal drop in photosynthetic rates from March to September each year. An ontogenetic decrease in photosynthesis was also evident as trees matured. Stomatal conductance also decreased as the needles aged. Seedlings irrigated with pH 3.3 solution typically exhibited the highest photosynthetic rates, presumably due to a fertilizer effect.

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“…In more recent studies, treatments spanned both tile growth and dormant seasons during a single year (Hogsett et al,1989;Leininger et al,1991) and over multiple years (Stow et al, 1992;Byers et al, 1992). Simulated precipitation was generally applied as rain or mist, and in a few instances as fog (Hogsett et al, 1989), usually to foliage and rooting medium in quantities and patterns refl ecting historical trends for a specifi c region.…”

Section: Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations for Evaluating Controlled Exposure Studies of Tree Seedlings

Peterson

Mickler²

1994

J of Env Quality

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Tree seedling exposure studies, covering a wide range of experimental conditions in pollutant treatments, species, facilities, and exposure regimes, have been conducted during the past several years to determine acute effects and relative sensitivity of tree species in response to simulated acid precipitation and gaseous pollutants. Because of the difficulties inherent in conducting controlled exposures with mature trees (e.g., size, variability among experimental units, and costs associated with replication of treatments), seedling exposure studies have been initiated as the quickest way to address these issues. However, sufficient consideration has not been given to either the comparability of seedling studies or to their appropriate inference. The statistical power of any given analysis is rarely discussed when the outcomes are published. Appropriate and documented statistics of experimenter bias are often not reported, and variability in the exposure regime (i.e., treatment target levels) and the measurement of experimental variables is assumed to be zero, rather than quantified. Finally, the populations of seedlings for which seedling experiments have inference, the extent to which seedling responses are applicable to mature trees and forest condition, and the limitations in national or regional generalizations are crucial issues often left to an individual reader's interpretation without the benefit of adequate quantitative information presented by the authors.

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Long‐term effects of ozone and simulated acid rain on the foliage dynamics of slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.)*

Cited by 24 publications

References 24 publications

Needle chlorosis in Sitka spruce following a three‐year exposure to low concentrations of ozone: changes in mineral content, pigmentation and ascorbic acid

Needle chlorosis in Sitka spruce following a three‐year exposure to low concentrations of ozone: changes in mineral content, pigmentation and ascorbic acid

Seasonal response of slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) photosynthesis to long‐term exposure to ozone and acidic precipitation*

Considerations for Evaluating Controlled Exposure Studies of Tree Seedlings

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