Long-term effects of sequential cortical infarcts on scar size, brain volume and cognitive function

Shanina, E.; Redecker, Christoph; Reinecke, Sonja; Schallert, Timothy; Witte, Otto W.

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2004.08.007

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…This represents a disadvantage because experimenters must choose their time point of analysis carefully. Acutely, damage might be missed and at later time points, owing to the complex dynamics of scar formation and phagocytosis, infarct size and tissue loss do not always match (Muller et al, 2008;Shanina et al, 2005).…”

Section: Light Microscopy and Macroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualizing Cell Death in Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia: Promises, Problems, and Perspectives

Zille

Farr

Przesdzing

et al. 2011

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

126

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One of the hallmarks of stroke pathophysiology is the widespread death of many different types of brain cells. As our understanding of the complex disease that is stroke has grown, it is now generally accepted that various different mechanisms can result in cell damage and eventual death. A plethora of techniques is available to identify various pathological features of cell death in stroke; each has its own drawbacks and pitfalls, and most are unable to distinguish between different types of cell death, which partially explains the widespread misuse of many terms. The purpose of this review is to summarize the standard histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques used to identify various pathological features of stroke. We then discuss how these methods should be properly interpreted on the basis of what they are showing, as well as advantages and disadvantages that require consideration. As there is much interest in the visualization of stroke using noninvasive imaging strategies, we also specifically discuss how these techniques can be interpreted within the context of cell death.

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Section: Light Microscopy and Macroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualizing Cell Death in Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia: Promises, Problems, and Perspectives

Zille

Farr

Przesdzing

et al. 2011

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

126

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“…7 Because infarct size and tissue loss do not always match, an additional analysis of the remaining cortical tissue was performed at the level of the largest infarct extension. 9 …”

Section: Brain Tissue Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Successful Regeneration After Experimental Stroke by Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor Is Not Further Enhanced by Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy Either in Concurrent or in Sequential Combination Therapy

Diederich

Quennet

Bauer

et al. 2012

Stroke

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Background and Purpose— Both application of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) have been shown to improve outcome after experimental stroke. The aim of the present study was to determine whether concurrent or sequential combination of both therapies will further enhance therapeutic benefit and whether specific modifications in the abundance of various neurotransmitter receptors do occur. Methods— Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to photothrombotic ischemia and assigned to the following treatment groups (n=20 each): (1) ischemic control (saline); (2) CIMT (CIMT between poststroke Days 2 and 11; (3) G-CSF (10 μg/kg G-CSF daily between poststroke Days 2 and 11; (4) combined concurrent group (CIMT plus 10 μg/kg G-CSF daily between poststroke Days 2 and 11; and (5) combined sequential group (CIMT between poststroke Days 2 and 11 and 10 μg/kg G-CSF daily between poststroke Days 12 and 21, respectively). Rats were functionally tested before and up to 4 weeks after ischemia. Quantitative receptor autography was performed for N -methyl- d -aspartate, AMPA, and GABA A receptors. Results— Significant improvement of functional outcome was seen in all groups treated with G-CSF alone and in either combination with CIMT, whereas CIMT alone failed to enhance recovery. Infarct sizes and remaining cortical tissue did not differ in the various treatment groups. Failure of significant benefit in the CIMT group was associated with a shift toward inhibition in perilesional and remote cortical regions. Conclusions— Our findings disclose G-CSF as the major player for enhanced recovery after experimental stroke, preventing a shift toward inhibition as seen in the CIMT group.

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“…2 Because infarct size and tissue loss do not always match, an additional analysis of the remaining cortical tissue was performed at the level with the largest infarct extension. 11 Rats with infarcts extending to the striatum were excluded from further analysis (nϭ1). Gray value images of the coexposed plastic standards were used to compute a nonlinear calibration curve, which defined the relation-ship between gray values in the autoradiographs and concentrations of radioactivity.…”

Section: Brain Tissue Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor But Not Forced Arm Use Improves Long-Term Outcome After Photothrombotic Stroke and Transiently Upregulates Binding Densities of Excitatory Glutamate Receptors in the Rat Brain

Müller

Hanumanthiah

Diederich

et al. 2008

Stroke

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Background and Purpose-Both application of neurotrophic factors like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and constraint-induced movement therapy like forced arm use have been shown to potentially improve outcome after stroke. The aim of the present study was to check whether postischemic long-term outcome correlates to specific modifications in the abundance of various neurotransmitter receptors. Methods-Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to photothrombotic ischemia and assigned to various treatment groups (nϭ5 each) with end points at 3 and 6 weeks: (1) ischemic control (saline); (2) BDNF (ischemia, 20 g BDNF); (3) forced arm use (ischemia, saline, and ipsilateral plaster cast for 5 or 14 days for the 3-and 6-week groups, respectively); and (4)

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Long-term effects of sequential cortical infarcts on scar size, brain volume and cognitive function

Cited by 24 publications

References 42 publications

Visualizing Cell Death in Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia: Promises, Problems, and Perspectives

Visualizing Cell Death in Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia: Promises, Problems, and Perspectives

Successful Regeneration After Experimental Stroke by Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor Is Not Further Enhanced by Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy Either in Concurrent or in Sequential Combination Therapy

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor But Not Forced Arm Use Improves Long-Term Outcome After Photothrombotic Stroke and Transiently Upregulates Binding Densities of Excitatory Glutamate Receptors in the Rat Brain

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