Long-term effects of spinal cord transection on fast and slow rat skeletal muscle

Lieber, Richard L.; Fridén, Jan; Hargens, Alan R.; Feringa, Earl R.

doi:10.1016/0014-4886(86)90042-7

Cited by 99 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Evidence from our data plotting the cumulative caloric intake of T3 TX and control animals over a 2-wk period indicates that the long-term injured animals were consuming a greater number of calories than controls. Postinjury muscle atrophy demonstrated previously (20,24,34,44) and confirmed in our own NMR data, which is coupled with a reduction in energy expenditure (31), would predict a commensurate reduction in ad libitum feeding; however, during our monitoring of feeding, we observed the opposite. This increased caloric consumption was more clearly evident in the mean energy intake, as long-term injured animals were consuming more calories despite a lower body weight.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Soft tissue body composition differences in monozygotic twins discordant for spinal cord injury

Spungen

Wang

Pierson

et al. 2000

Journal of Applied Physiology

174

133

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To determine the effect of paralysis on body composition, eight pairs of male monozygotic twins, one twin in each pair with paraplegia, were studied by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Significant loss of total body lean tissue mass was found in the paralyzed twins compared with their able-bodied co-twins: 47.5 +/- 6. 7 vs. 60.1 +/- 7.8 (SD) kg (P < 0.005). Regionally, arm lean tissue mass was not different between the twin pairs, whereas trunk and leg lean tissue masses were significantly lower in the paralyzed twins: -3.0 +/- 3.3 kg (P < 0.05) and -10.1 +/- 4.0 kg (P < 0.0005), respectively. Bone mineral content of the total body and legs was significantly related to lean tissue mass in the able-bodied twins (R = 0.88 and 0.98, respectively) but not in the paralyzed twins. However, the intrapair difference scores for bone and lean tissue mass were significantly related (R = 0.80 and 0.81, respectively). The paralyzed twins had significantly more total body fat mass and percent fat per unit body mass index than the able-bodied twins: 4.8 kg (P < 0.05) and 7 +/- 2% (P < 0.01). In the paralyzed twins, total body lean tissue was significantly lost (mostly from the trunk and legs), independent of age, at a rate of 3.9 +/- 0.2 kg per 5-yr period of paralysis (R = 0.87, P < 0.005). Extreme disuse from paralysis appears to contribute to a parallel loss of bone with loss of lean tissue in the legs. The continuous lean tissue loss may represent a form of sarcopenia that is progressive and accelerated compared with that in ambulatory individuals.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Soft tissue body composition differences in monozygotic twins discordant for spinal cord injury

Spungen

Wang

Pierson

et al. 2000

Journal of Applied Physiology

174

133

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, one report describes a decrease in type IIB with concomitant increases in the percentage of type IIA/X and type I myosin heavy chains (MHC) in the gastrocnemius muscle 10 weeks after Btx injection in adult rats (Dodd et al 2005). However, this indication that Btx‐induced paralysis in fast muscle leads to a slower phenotype is contrary to that commonly observed with paralysis by tetrodotoxin nerve block, surgical denervation, or spinal cord isolation or transection (Lieber et al 1986; Michel et al 1996; Cormery et al 2000; Roy et al 2000; Kim et al 2007). In these studies in already predominantly fast muscles, there is generally a shift towards a faster phenotype; no change or an increase in type IIB, no change or decreases in type IIA and IIX and no change or decreases in type I MHC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Effect of botulinum toxin A‐induced paralysis and exercise training on mechanosensing and signalling gene expression in juvenile rat gastrocnemius muscle

Velders¹,

Legerlotz²,

Falconer

et al. 2008

Experimental Physiology

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Intramuscular injections of the paralytic botulinum neurotoxin A (Btx) and physical exercise are used in the treatment of chronic spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. We tested whether Btx-induced paralysis and/or exercise training would have differential effects on the expression of mechanosensing and signalling genes implicated in the adaptive remodelling of skeletal muscle. Juvenile (29-day-old) male rats were injected with Btx or saline (NoBtx) into the right gastrocnemius and housed in standard cages (NoEx) or with running wheels (Ex), for 3 weeks (n = 6 per group). The mRNA expression of nine sarcomere-associated genes in the medial gastrocnemius was then determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The Btx-injected muscles weighed 50% less than NoBtx muscles, but Ex had no effect on the wet mass of Btx or NoBtx muscles. Atrogenic MuRF1, sarcomeric Titin and myogenic MyoD were upregulated (2-fold) with the elimination of contractile activity in Btx muscle. Expression of CARP, Ankrd2 and MLP was increased with mechanical stimuli associated with Btx (5-to 10-fold) or Ex (2-to 4-fold). Expression of CARP and Ankrd2 increased synergistically in Btx-Ex muscle (≥20-fold), indicating that these genes may be sensitive to passive stretch of the sarcomeric I-band region of titin to which their proteins bind. Tcap, Myopalladin and Atrogin1 were not, or were no longer responsive to the altered mechanical stimuli after 3 weeks of Btx or Ex. The expression of Ankrd2, CARP and MLP may thus be enhanced by passive stretch within the Btx-paralysed and/or exercising gastrocnemius and contribute to adaptations, other than muscle mass, in juvenile rats.

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“…Numerous studies in animals have documented dramatic changes in rat muscle myosin heavy-chain (MHC) isoforms after SCI, with a complete reduction in neuromuscular activity leading to atrophy of the skeletal muscle [8,9,10]. Additionally, Esteves et al [11,12] demonstrated that rats exhibited changes in their sleep patterns after SCI, including increased arousals and limb movements during sleep.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Muscle Fibers in Rats with Limb Movements during Sleep after Spinal Cord Injury

et al. 2012

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Background/Aims: Previous studies have demonstrated that spinal cord injury (SCI) results in changes in sleep patterns through increased arousals and limb movements during sleep. Dramatic changes in muscle myosin heavy-chain isoforms have also been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of muscle fibers after SCI in rats with limb movements during sleep. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: SHAM, SCI 3, 7 and 15 days. Animals were subjected to electrode insertion surgery, 24-hour baseline sleep recording, SCI, and subsequent sleep recording for 3, 7, or 15 consecutive days. In addition, the gastrocnemius muscle and spinal cord were collected for histopathological/histochemical analyses. Results: Our results indicate a rapid and progressive decrease in the cross-sectional area of type I fibers in the gastrocnemius muscle (35.76–24.74 µm²) after SCI. Additionally, we found SCI-induced changes in sleep patterns. Following SCI, we also observed limb movements in sleeping rats, as well as significant negative moderate correlations between type I fibers and limb movement. Conclusion: Our study strengthened the hypothesis by correlation between changes in types of muscle fiber (decline in type I fibers) and an increase in limb movements during sleep after SCI.

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Long-term effects of spinal cord transection on fast and slow rat skeletal muscle

Cited by 99 publications

References 16 publications

Soft tissue body composition differences in monozygotic twins discordant for spinal cord injury

Soft tissue body composition differences in monozygotic twins discordant for spinal cord injury

Effect of botulinum toxin A‐induced paralysis and exercise training on mechanosensing and signalling gene expression in juvenile rat gastrocnemius muscle

Characteristics of Muscle Fibers in Rats with Limb Movements during Sleep after Spinal Cord Injury

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